A Rapid Method for Preparing High Quality Alizarin Stained Skeletons of Adult Mice

A simple three-day technique is described for preparing completely cleared and high quality alizarin stained total skeletons of adult mice. Unfixed specimens are partially macerated during staining. Older specimens are heated for 15 min in 1% KOH. A heated solution of benzyl and ethyl alcohol, glycerin, and water is used for final clearing and hardening. This procedure requires about 10 min work per specimen and greatly simplifies preparation of stained and cleared skeletons of adult mice. Another technique, giving slightly better preparations, but requiring 11-14 days, is also described.     

immunocytochemical localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in lewis lung carcinoma

The invasively growing and metasizing Lewis lung carcinoma consistently contained urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) enzyme activity. When investigated immunocytochemically with antibodies against u-PA, different parts of individual tumors showed a pronounced heterogeneity in staining intensity. Strong staining was found in areas with invasive growth and degradation of surrounding normal tissue, while other areas were completely devoid of staining. Immunoreactivity occurred both with a perinuclear cytoplasmic localization in tumor cells and associated with apparently extracellular material. SDS PAGE of tumor extracts, under both reducing and nonreducing conditions, followed by immunoblotting, showed only one immunocytochemically stainable band with an electrophoretic mobility corresponding to that of purified proenzyme to u-PA, while no two-chain u-PA was detected. This indicates that the major part of the activator in Lewis lung carcinoma is present as one-chain pro-u-PA.     

Structure and function of the (A)BC excinuclease of Escherichia coli

(A)BC excinuclease is the enzymatic activity resulting from the mixture of E. coli UvrA, UvrB and UvrC proteins with damaged DNA. This is a functional definition as new evidence suggests that the three proteins never associate in a ternary complex. The UvrA subunit associates with the UvrB subunit in the form of an A2B1 complex which, guided by UvrA's affinity for damaged DNA binds to a lesion in DNA and delivers the UvrB subunit to the damaged site. The UvrB-damaged DNA complex is extremely stable (t1/2 congruent to 100 min). The UvrC subunit, which has no specific affinity for damaged DNA, recognizes the UvrB-DNA complex with high specificity and the protein complex consisting of UvrB and UvrC proteins makes two incisions, the 8th phosphodiester bond 5' and the 5th phosphodiester bond 3' to the damaged nucleotide. (A)BC excinuclease recognizes DNA damage ranging from AP sites and thymine glycols to pyrimidine dimers, and the adducts of psoralen, cisplatinum, mitomycin C, 4-nitroquinoline oxide and interstrand crosslinks.     

Lipoprotein(a) in women twins: heritability and relationship to apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes.

Lp(a) is a unique lipoprotein consisting of an LDL-like particle and a characteristic protein, apo(a). Increased levels of Lp(a) constitute a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Variation in the size of the apo(a) protein is a phenotype controlled by the apo(a) gene on chromosome 6 and is related to Lp(a) plasma levels. Based on 169 MZ and 125 DZ adult female twin pairs, this study's purpose was to estimate the proportion of the variation in Lp(a) levels that is due to genetic influences and to determine the extent to which the apo(a) locus explains this heritability. Lp(a) levels were significantly more similar in MZ twins than in DZ twins: mean co-twin differences were 3.9 +/- 5.7 mg/dl and 16.0 +/- 19.9 mg/dl (P less than .001), respectively. Intraclass correlations were .94 in MZ twins and .32 in DZ twins, resulting in a heritability estimate of .94 (P less than .001). Heritability was then calculated using only co-twins with the same apo(a) phenotype: the heritability estimate decreased to .45 but was still highly significant (P less than .001). Therefore, on the basis of heritability analysis of women twins, Lp(a) levels are almost entirely genetically controlled. Variation at the apo(a) locus contributes to this heritability, although other genetic factors could be involved.     

Bloom Syndrome and Maternal Uniparental Disomy for Chromosome 15

Bloom syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by increases in the frequency of sister-chromatid exchange and in the incidence of malignancy. Chromosome-transfer studies have shown the BS locus to map to chromosome 15q. This report describes a subject with features of both BS and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Molecular analysis showed maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 15. Meiotic recombination between the two disomic chromosomes 15 has resulted in heterodisomy for proximal 15q and isodisomy for distal 15q. In this individual BS is probably due to homozygosity for a gene that is telomeric to D15S95 (15q25), rather than to genetic imprinting, the mechanism responsible for the development of PWS. This report represents the first application of disomy analysis to the regional localization of a disease gene. This strategy promises to be useful in the genetic mapping of other uncommon autosomal recessive conditions.     

Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of a New Mouse Insertional Mutation That Causes a Defect in the Distal Vertebrae of the Spine

We have identified and characterized the phenotype of a new insertional mutation in one line of transgenic mice. Mice carrying this mutation, which we have designated TgN(Imusd)370Rpw, display undulations of the vertebrae giving rise to a novel kinky-tail phenotype. Molecular characterization of the insertion site indicates that the transgene integration has occurred without any substantial alterations in the structure of the host sequences. Using probes that flank the insertion site, we have mapped the mutation to chromosome 5 near the semidominant mutation, thick tail (Tht). Thick tail does not complement the TgN(Imusd)370Rpw mutation; compound mutants containing one copy of each mutation display a more severe phenotype than either mutation individually.