Genome complexity of methanogenic bacteria.

The genome complexities of different methanogenic bacteria were investigated by using an optical method to study renaturation kinetics of single-stranded DNA. The observed genome sizes ranged from 1.0 X 10(9) to 1.8 X 10(9) daltons, which is a typical range for procaryotic cells. Melting profiles of the DNA of three methanogenic species from different families show fractions which have a higher A . T content than the average DNA of that species.     

Receptor (CD46) modulation and complement-mediated lysis of uninfected cells after contact with measles virus-infected cells.

Recently, it has been observed that the infection of human target cells with certain measles virus (MV) strains leads to the downregulation of the major MV receptor CD46. Here we report that CD46 downregulation can be rapidly induced in uninfected cells after surface contact with MV particles or MV-infected cells. Receptor modulation is detectable after 30 min of cocultivation of uninfected cells with MV-infected cells and is complete after 2 to 4 h, a time after which newly synthesized MV hemagglutinin (MV-H) cannot be detected in freshly infected target cells. This contact-mediated receptor modulation is also induced by recombinant MV-H expressed by vaccinia virus and is inhibitable with antibodies against CD46 and MV-H. By titrating the effect with MV Edmonston strain-infected cells, a significant contact-mediated CD46 modulation was detectable up to a ratio of 1 infected to 64 uninfected cells. As a result of CD46 downregulation, an increased susceptibility of uninfected cells for complement-mediated lysis was observed. This phenomenon, however, is MV strain dependent, as observed for the downregulation of CD46 after MV infection. These data suggest that in acute measles or following measles vaccination, uninfected cells might also be destroyed by complement after contacting an MV-infected cell.     

Molecular characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana cDNAs encoding three purine biosynthetic enzymes

Glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) synthetase, GAR transformylase and aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) synthetase are the second, third and fifth enzymes in the 10-step de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. From a cDNA library of Arabidopsis thaliana, cDNAs encoding the above three enzymes were cloned by functional complementation of corresponding Escherichia coli mutants. Each of the cDNAs encode peptides comprising the complete enzymatic domain of either GAR synthetase, GAR transformylase or AIR synthetase. Comparisons of the three Arabidopsis purine biosynthetic enzymes with corresponding enzymes/polypeptide-fragments from procaryotic and eucaryotic sources indicate a high degree of conserved homology at the amino acid level, in particular with procaryotic enzymes. Assays from extracts of E. coli expressing the complementing clones verified the specific enzymatic activity of Arabidopsis GAR synthetase and GAR transformylase. Sequence analysis, as well as Northern blot analysis indicate that Arabidopsis has single and monofunctional enzymes. In this respect the organization of these three plant purine biosynthesis genes is fundamentally different from the multifunctional purine biosynthesis enzymes characteristic of other eucaryotes and instead resembles the one gene, one enzyme relationship found in procaryotes.     

An Ustilago maydis Mutant Partially Blocked in P45014DM Activity Is Hypersensitive to Azole Fungicides

An Ustilago maydis ergosterol biosynthesis mutant (A14) which is partially blocked in sterol 14alpha-demethylase (P45014DM) activity is described. This mutant accumulated the abnormal 14alpha-methyl sterols, eburicol, 14alpha-methylfecosterol, and obtusifoliol, along with significant amounts of ergosterol. Although the A14 mutant grew nearly as well as the wild type, it was impaired in cell extension growth, which indicated a dysfunction in apical cell wall synthesis. The mutant was also found to be hypersensitive to the azole fungicides penconazole and tebuconazole.     

Intracellular enzyme localization in the epithelium of the bovine glandular stomach

The intracellular localization of calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2(+)-ATPase) was studied ultracytochemically in the pyloric glands of the abomasal mucosa of cattle. A remarkable staining pattern exhibited the Golgi apparatus, as there was a gradation in staining of the interior sides of dictyosomal cisternae from the not or weakly stained cis to the heavily stained trans face. Membranes of Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum lysosome complex-secretory vesicles showed either no or strong enzyme activity. Membranes of secretory vesicles accumulated in the cell apex stained positive for ATPase activity. This accounts also for the apical cortical cytoplasm. From these results it is speculated that Ca2(+)-ATPase may play an important role in the pathway of exocytotic secretion, especially in the process of membrane sorting and biogenesis of secretory vesicles, in the steps of vesicle accumulation and transport to the site of exocytosis as well as in membrane fusion events.     

Evocability of a slight positive oestrogen feedback action on LH secretion in castrated and oestrogen-primed men.

Orchidectomized heterosexual men suffering from prostatic cancer with suppressed serum LH values by oestrogen priming exhibited a slight, but significant surge of LH secretion following oestrogen injection. In contrast, orchidectomized and oestrogen-primed heterosexual men with unsuppressed serum LH levels as well as intact heterosexual men did not display any positive oestrogen feedback action on LH secretion, as it was observed in intact homosexual men.     

Sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization signal detection in maize using directly labeled probes produced by high concentration DNA polymerase nick translation

The signal produced by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) often is inconsistent among cells and sensitivity is low. Small DNA targets on the chromatin are difficult to detect. We report here an improved nick translation procedure for Texas red and Alexa Fluor 488 direct labeling of FISH probes. Brighter probes can be obtained by adding excess DNA polymerase I. Using such probes, a 30 kb yeast transgene, and the rp1, rp3 and zein multigene clusters were clearly detected.     

Hexazonium pararosaniline as a fixative for animal tissues

Hexazonium pararosaniline is a valuable reagent that has been used in enzyme activity histochemistry for 50 years. It is an aqueous solution containing the tris-diazonium ion derived from pararosaniline, an aminotriarylmethane dye, and it contains an excess of nitrous acid that was not consumed in the diazotization reaction. Other investigators have found that immersion for 2 min in an acidic (pH 3.5) 0.0015 M hexazonium pararosaniline solution can protect cryostat sections of unfixed animal tissues from the deleterious effects of aqueous reagents such as buffered solutions used in immunohistochemistry, while preserving specific affinities for antibodies. In the present investigation hexazonium pararosaniline protected lymphoid tissue and striated muscle against the damaging effects of water or saline. The same protection was conferred on unfixed sections treated with dilute nitrous or hydrochloric acid in concentrations similar to those in hexazonium pararosaniline solutions. Model tissues (solutions, gels or films containing gelatin and/or bovine albumin) responded predictably to well known cross-linking (formaldehyde) or coagulant (mercuric chloride) fixatives. Hexazonium pararosaniline solutions prevented the dissolution of protein gels in water only after 9 or more days of contact, during which time considerable swelling occurred. It is concluded that there is no evidence for a “fixative” action of hexazonium pararosaniline. The protective effect on frozen sections of unfixed tissue is attributable probably to the low pH of the solution.     

Economic evaluation of water loss saving due to the biological control of water hyacinth at New Year’s Dam,Eastern Cape province,South Africa

Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes is considered the most damaging aquatic weed in the world. However, few studies have quantified the impact of this weed economically and ecologically, and even fewer studies have quantified the benefits of its control. This paper focuses on water loss saving as the benefit derived from biological control of this plant between 1990 and 2013 at New Year’s Dam, Alicedale, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Estimates of water loss due to evapotranspiration from water hyacinth vary significantly; therefore, the study used three different rates, high, medium and low. A conservative raw agriculture value of R 0.26 per m³ was used to calculate the benefits derived by the water saved. The present benefit and cost values were determined using 10% and 5% discount rates. The benefit/cost ratio at the low evapotranspiration rate was less than one, implying that biological control was not economically viable but, at the higher evapotranspiration rates, the return justified the costs of biological control. However, at the marginal value product of water, the inclusion of the costs of damage to infrastructure, or the adverse effects of water hyacinth on biodiversity, would justify the use of biological control, even at the low transpiration rate.