全文获取类型
收费全文 | 382篇 |
免费 | 47篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 5篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 7篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 7篇 |
2016年 | 9篇 |
2015年 | 12篇 |
2014年 | 14篇 |
2013年 | 9篇 |
2012年 | 23篇 |
2011年 | 15篇 |
2010年 | 24篇 |
2009年 | 19篇 |
2008年 | 13篇 |
2007年 | 19篇 |
2006年 | 10篇 |
2005年 | 13篇 |
2004年 | 13篇 |
2003年 | 11篇 |
2002年 | 6篇 |
2001年 | 17篇 |
2000年 | 17篇 |
1999年 | 15篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1997年 | 7篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1967年 | 4篇 |
1965年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有430条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
S M Goyal S A Schaub F M Wellings D Berman J S Glass C J Hurst D A Brashear C A Sorber B E Moore G Bitton 《Applied and environmental microbiology》1984,48(3):531-538
To select a tentative standard method for detection of viruses in sludge the American Society for Testing and Materials D19:24:04:04 Subcommittee Task Group initiated round robin comparative testing of two procedures that, after initial screening of several methodologies, were found to meet the basic criteria considered essential by the task group. Eight task group member laboratories agreed to perform round robin testing of the two candidate methods, namely, The Environmental Protection Agency or low pH-AlCl3 method and the Glass or sonication-extraction method. Five different types of sludge were tested. For each particular type of sludge, a single laboratory was designated to collect the sludge in a single sampling, make samples, and ship it to the participating laboratories. In most cases, participating laboratories completed all the tests within 48 h of sample arrival. To establish the reproducibility of the methods, each laboratory tested each sludge sample in triplicate for the two candidate virus methods. Each processed sludge sample was quantitatively assayed for viruses by the procedures of each individual round robin laboratory. To attain a more uniform standard of comparison, a sample of each processed sample from all laboratories was reassayed with one cell line and passage number by a single laboratory (Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio). When the data were statistically analyzed, the Environmental Protection Agency method was found to yield slightly higher virus recoveries for all sludge types, except the dewatered sludge. The precisions of both methods were not significantly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
2.
3.
Trypanosoma cruzi: origin of metacyclic trypomastigotes in the urine of the vector Triatoma infestans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Population density and percentage of the different stages of an established infection of Trypanosoma cruzi were determined for two parts of the excretory system and for the rectum of fifth instars of Triatoma infestans unfed and 4 hr after feeding. These data were also evaluated for feces and urine of the fed bugs. In the first unfed group only small populations of the flagellate occurred in the Malpighian tubules and ampullae and not in all bugs. The three rectal populations (rectal lumen and anterior and posterior rectal wall) consisted of approximately equal numbers. About 10% were spheromastigotes and about 10% were stages intermediate to epimastigotes. Significantly fewer epimastigotes and more trypomastigotes were present on the rectal wall than in the lumen. Two intermediate forms leading to the trypomastigote stage occurred in similar numbers. In nearly all bugs the initial excretion (feces) contained the highest number of flagellates as compared to the following drops of urine. More flagellates were excreted through the urine than were contained in the excretory system of unfed bugs. The population in the feces reflected the percentage of forms present in the rectal lumen of unfed bugs, but in the urine the percentage of trypomastigotes increased up to 100%. Four hours after blood uptake, dissection of bugs still showed parasites in the Malpighian tubules and ampullae; the total number of parasites in the rectum was reduced by more than 50%. This reduction was more pronounced in the rectal lumen and on the posterior rectal wall. In stained smears from all three rectal populations there were rarely spheromastigotes but high percentages of epimastigotes. The intermediate stages leading to trypomastigotes mainly originated from short epimastigotes. Comparison of the T. cruzi populations before and after feeding demonstrates that the trypomastigotes in the urine should originate from the rectal wall, especially from the posterior part. 相似文献
4.
MAJOR CLADES OF THE ANGIOSPERMS 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ROLF DAHLGREN KÅRE BREMER 《Cladistics : the international journal of the Willi Hennig Society》1985,1(4):349-368
Abstract— Our knowledge of fundamental angiosperm interrelationships is still very incomplete. The absence of a narrowly circumscribed gymnosperm outgroup, ideally the sister group, makes character evaluation, necessary for a cladistic analysis, difficult. According to current views the superorder Magnoliiflorae with a number of other groups, for example the monocotyledons, may represent a complex of families near the base of the angiosperms. Interrelationships of groups within the monocotyledons are much better understood than those between groups within the dicotyledons. A cladogram of monocotyledon orders based on earlier work by R. Dahlgren, H. T. Clifford, and F. N. Rasmussen is presented. A data matrix for a sample of the angiosperms with 61 characters for 49 taxa, mostly magnoliifloran and related families, is presented. The characters are polarized mainly according to the current view that the primitive angiosperm morphotype is a woody dicotyledon with strobiloid flowers. As an alternative the matrix is adjusted following W. C. Burger's conjecture that the primitive angiosperm was a herbaceous monocotyledon with trimerous flowers. Both matrices were run in a computerized parsimony analysis, resulting in numerous equally parsimonious solutions. This result is illustrative of the great homoplasy in the available character information, and also of how little actually is known about fundamental angiosperm interrelationships or phylogeny. 相似文献
5.
Assignment of orthologous relationships among mammalian alpha-globin genes by examining flanking regions reveals a rapid rate of evolution 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In order to study the relationships among mammalian alpha-globin genes, we
have determined the sequence of the 3' flanking region of the human alpha 1
globin gene and have made pairwise comparisons between sequenced
alpha-globin genes. The flanking regions were examined in detail because
sequence matches in these regions could be interpreted with the least
complication from the gene duplications and conversions that have occurred
frequently in mammalian alpha-like globin gene clusters. We found good
matches between the flanking regions of human alpha 1 and rabbit alpha 1,
human psi alpha 1 and goat I alpha, human alpha 2 and goat II alpha, and
horse alpha 1 and goat II alpha. These matches were used to align the
alpha-globin genes in gene clusters from different mammals. This alignment
shows that genes at equivalent positions in the gene clusters of different
mammals can be functional or nonfunctional, depending on whether they
corrected against a functional alpha-globin gene in recent evolutionary
history. The number of alpha-globin genes (including pseudogenes) appears
to differ among species, although highly divergent pseudogenes may not have
been detected in all species examined. Although matching sequences could be
found in interspecies comparisons of the flanking regions of alpha- globin
genes, these matches are not as extensive as those found in the flanking
regions of mammalian beta-like globin genes. This observation suggests that
the noncoding sequences in the mammalian alpha-globin gene clusters are
evolving at a faster rate than those in the beta-like globin gene clusters.
The proposed faster rate of evolution fits with the poor conservation of
the genetic linkage map around alpha-globin gene clusters when compared to
that of the beta-like globin gene clusters. Analysis of the 3' flanking
regions of alpha-globin genes has revealed a conserved sequence
approximately 100-150 bp 3' to the polyadenylation site; this sequence may
be involved in the expression or regulation of alpha-globin genes.
相似文献
6.
A protein factor inhibiting the magnesium-activated adenosine triphosphatase of desensitized-actomyosin 总被引:7,自引:7,他引:0
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The Biochemical journal》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
1. The preparation and properties of a myofibrillar protein factor which inhibits the Mg(2+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase of desensitized actomyosin is described. 2. This factor had negligible effect on the Mg(2+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase of natural actomyosin and on the Ca(2+)-activated adenosine triphosphatases of desensitized actomyosin and myosin. 3. The Mg(2+)-activated inosine triphosphatase activity of desensitized actomyosin was not affected by the factor. 4. The inhibitory effect was sensitive to ionic strength. In addition to their ionic effects Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) appeared to have a specific action in reducing the effect of the inhibitor. 5. F-actin reduced the inhibition whereas Bailey-type tropo-myosin had little effect. 6. As far as can be judged from the reported experiments this factor is different from any of the previously described myofibrillar components. 相似文献
7.
Michael Schaub 《Journal of Ornithology》1996,137(2):213-227
Zusammenfassung In der Brutsaison 1994 wurde das Jagdverhalten von fünf Rotkopfwürgerpaaren in der Nordschweiz beobachtet, das Nahrungsangebot mit der Sichtkreismethode erfaßt. Bei warmem und trockenem Wetter waren die Insekten aktiver und somit das Nahrungsangebot für die Rotkopfwürger günstiger. In hoher Vegetation gab es mehr Insekten als in niedriger. Die Rotkopfwürger jagten entweder am Boden (64% der Jagdflüge) oder in der Luft (36%). Die Bodenjagden waren energetisch günstiger, da die Beute durchschnittlich größer und die Jagddistanz kleiner war. Bodenjagden fanden vorzugsweise in Flächen mit kurzer Vegetation (durchschnittliche Vegetationshöhe: 7 cm) statt. Gejagt wurden ausschließlich Arthropoden und zwar gezielt große. Bei schlechten Wetterbedingungen mußten auch kleinere Beutetiere gefangen werden. Der Fluganteil am Gesamtzeitbudget war während der Nestlingszeit am größten. Zur Bebrütungs- und Nestlingszeit wurden die Jagdaktivitäten bei schlechtem Wetter gegenüber gutem tendenziell gesteigert, vor dem Brüten und nach dem Flüggewerden der Jungen aber eher gesenkt. Der Fluganteil beim Jagen über kurzer Vegetation schien kleiner als beim Jagen über hoher Vegetation.
Hunting behavior and time budget of Woodchat ShrikesLanius senator in Northern Switzerland
The hunting behavior of Woodchat Shrike in Northern Switzerland was studied by visual observations of five pairs in 1994. Data on food supply were collected by standardized observations in half-circles of 1 m radius. During warm and dry weather the activity of the insects increased. More insects were seen in high than in short vegetation. The Woodchat Shrikes either hunted on the ground (64% of all hunting flights) or in the air (36%). The energy gain in ground-huntings was higher than in flycatching due to larger average prey size and a shorter hunting distance. Ground huntings occured mainly in areas with short vegetation (7 cm high on average). The birds only fed on arthropods, preferring larger seizes. During bad weather they were dependant also on smaller prey. The proportion of time the adults spent in flight was longest during the nestling season. In bad weather, hunting activity was slightly increased during incubation and nestling stage but low before incubation and after fledging of the young. For hunting over short vegetation the birds seemed to spent less time in flight than for hunting over high vegetation.相似文献
8.
INTRODUCTI0NThedifferentiati0nofcelIsalongthemonocyte-macr0phagepathwayandthesig-nalsinvo1vedinthesecel1sacquiringtheabilitytokilltum0rcellsarenotfllllyundersto0d.Wehavebeenstudingamoleculewhichappearst0beanimportantmemberofthecytokinenetworkinvo1vedintheregulati0nmonocyteactivation.ThiscytokinetermedP48wasisolatedfr0mthehllmannullcellleukemiacell1ineReh.IthasbeenpurifiedtohomogeneityandfOundtobedistinctfrominterferongamma,col0nystimulatingfactors(CSFs)andTNFalphaalldbeta[1,2].Func-ti… 相似文献
9.
Human endothelial cell monolayers were grown on nucleopore filters, and used to partition the two halves of a modified Boyden chamber. Human neutrophil chemotaxis through the monolayer was studied in response to leukotriene B4 and acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine (PAF-acether). Both leukotriene B4 and PAF-acether concentration-dependently stimulated neutrophil chemotaxis through intact monolayer. The biologically inactive lyso-PAF, and leukotriene C4 and D4 were inactive as chemotactic agents. Leukotriene A4 was weakly chemotactic. In the absence of chemotaxin, little penetration of the monolayer by neutrophils was observed. Agents that elevate neutrophil cyclic AMP levels inhibit both leukotriene B4 and PAF-acether-stimulated chemotaxis through the endothelial cell monolayer. The specific 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, 6,8-de-epoxy-6,9-(phenylimino) delta 6,8-prostaglandin I1 (U-60257), inhibits PAF-acether, but not leukotriene B4-mediated chemotaxis. These data suggest that an intact 5-lipoxygenase may be required for normal PAF-acether-mediated chemotaxis, but leukotriene B4-mediated chemotaxis is independent of 5-lipoxygenase activity. This system may prove to be a useful model for the study of neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions. 相似文献
10.
Examination of 54 Triatoma infestans from a village near the European Southern Observatory La Silla in Chile and of 9 Triatoma spinolai from the territory of the observatory showed that 10 T. infestans were infected with trypanosomatids. Mice were infected with in vitro cultures initiated with five different trypanosomatid isolates and treated with the immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide to increase the parasitemia of the flagellates. Evidence of the presence of T. cruzi was provided by a comparative biometrical analysis of blood trypomastigotes and the occurrence of intracellular amastigotes. Three methods for further identification were used: examination of kDNA ultrastructure, disc electrophoresis of soluble proteins and the Aaptos papillata II lectin induced agglutination. We obtained the following results for all isolates: (1) presence of a central band of the kDNA; (2) T. cruzi specific double bands of the protein patterns; (3) positive reaction with Aaptos papillata II. No differences between the five isolates from Chile and T. cruzi or T. cruzi-like strains from other countries could be observed. Based on these results an infection of the bugs with T. rangeli and T. conorhini could be excluded. 相似文献