Changes in cardiac rhythm in humans during breathing compressed air under pressure up to 1.1 MPa (results of the rhythmo-cardiographic study)]

Dynamics of cardiac rhythm has been considered according to rhythmocardiographic characteristics of heart rate under orthostatic test and one-stage step-test in four altitude chamber experiments where air under pressure of 0.4-1.1 MPa is used as a breathing mixture. It is shown that these characteristics linearly depend on the partial nitrogen and oxygen pressure and hyperbaric bradycardia essentially decreases in the final period of isopression due to toxic oxygen effect. Cytochrome C decreases hyperbaric bradycardia. Under hyperbaric conditions the regulation of cardiac rhythm proceeds with altered central vegetative effects provided a direct effect of higher nitrogen and oxygen pressure on the sinusal node cells.     

Transformation of clay minerals caused by an alkaliphilic cyanobacterial community

Transformation of clay minerals (smectite-zeolite, illite, kaolinite, and bentonite) and admixtures of iron oxides (hydroxides) under the action of an alkaline cyanobacterial community was studied. The results demonstrate that the processes of transformation of clay minerals such as intensification of removal of exchange bases and dissolution of silicates and iron oxides occurred in the presence of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterial community. The main factor that determines resistance of a mineral to biochemical weathering is its composition. Transformations of clay minerals in the course of active cyanobacterial photosynthesis (up to 14 days) and at decomposition of organic matter (OM) (28–60 days) are different. For smectite-zeolite and illite, these processes are dissolution of silicates and oxides (removal of Si and Fe) and removal of exchange bases (K), which were observed at both the of biomass production and OM destruction stages. For two other clays, the processes of neosynthesis are more typical: formation of carbonates (most probably siderite for bentonite clay and Mg-calcite for kaolin clay) and transformation of ferrihydrite into the more thermodynamically stable goethite.     

Properties of nitrate reductase from Fusarium oxysporum 11dn1 fungi grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Production of nitrate reductase was studied in 15 species of microscopic fungi grown on a nitrate-containing medium. Experiments were performed with Fusarium oxysporum 11dn1, a fungus capable of producing nitrous oxide as the end product of denitrification. Moreover, a shift from aerobic to anaerobic conditions of growth was accompanied by a sharp increase in the activity of nitrate reductase. Studies of nitrate reductase from the mycelium of Fusarium oxysporum 11dn1, grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, showed that this enzyme belongs to molybdenum-containing nitrate reductases. The enzymes under study differed in the molecular weight, temperature optimum, and other properties. Nitrate reductase from the mycelium grown under aerobic conditions was shown to belong to the class of assimilatory enzymes. However, nitrate reductase from the mycelium grown anaerobically had a dissimilatory function. An increase in the activity of dissimilatory nitrate reductase, observed under anaerobic conditions, was associated with de novo synthesis of the enzyme.     

Larvae of related Diptera species from thermally contrasting habitats exhibit continuous up-regulation of heat shock proteins and high thermotolerance

A population of Stratiomys japonica, a species belonging to the family Stratiomyidae (Diptera), common name ‘soldier flies’, occurs in a hot volcanic spring, which is apparently among the most inhospitable environments for animals because of chemical and thermal conditions. Larvae of this species, which naturally often experience temperatures more than 40 °C, have constitutively high concentrations of the normally inducible heat-shock protein Hsp70, but very low level of corresponding mRNA. Larvae of three other species of the same family, Stratiomys singularior, Nemotelus bipunctatus and Oxycera pardalina, are confined to different type semi-aquatic habitats with contrasting thermal regime. However, all of them shared the same pattern of Hsp70 expression. Interestingly, heat-shock treatment of S. japonica larvae activates heat-shock factor and significantly induces Hsp70 synthesis, whereas larvae of O. pardalina, a species from constant cold environment, produce significantly less Hsp70 in response to heat shock. Adults of the four species also exhibit lower, but detectable levels of Hsp70 without heat shock. Larvae of all species studied have very high tolerance to temperature stress in comparison with other Diptera species investigated, probably representing an inherent adaptive feature of all Stratiomyidae enabling successful colonization of highly variable and extreme habitats.     

Molecular phylogeny of fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) revisited: position of Manotinae,Metanepsiini, and other enigmatic taxa as inferred from multigene analysis

The phylogeny of selected genera from four subfamilies of fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) – Manotinae, Leiinae, Sciophilinae and Gnoristinae (including Metanepsiini) – is reconstructed based on the combined analysis of five mitochondrial (12S, 16S, COI, COII, cytB) and two nuclear (28S, ITS2) gene markers. Results of the different analyses all support Manotinae as a monophyletic group, with Leiinae as the sister group. Allactoneura DeMeijere is nested in the monophyletic and strongly supported clade of Leiinae. The tribe Metanepsiini is revealed as paraphyletic and the genera Metanepsia Edwards and Chalastonepsia Søli do not appear to be closely related. The genera Docosia Winnertz, Ectrepesthoneura Enderlein, Novakia Strobl and Syntemna Winnertz were placed with a group of genera included traditionally in the Gnoristinae. The monophyly of Dziedzickia Johannsen and Phthinia Winnertz is not supported. The genera of Sciophilinae (excluding Paratinia Mik but including Eudicrana Loew) form a monophyletic group in the Bayesian model.     

A genomic walking method for screening sequence length polymorphism

We adapted a recently developed nonrestrictional, nonligational genome walking method, Universal Fast Walking (UFW), for detection of length polymorphism in the proximal promoter region of genes. We demonstrate its efficacy at discovering naturally occurring transposition into heat‐shock genes of wild Drosophila and show that it surmounts limitations of simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approaches. We further present modifications to the standard UFW protocol and provide some guidelines to improve specificity. Although the resultant banding pattern of a standard UFW can be regarded as a DNA fingerprint, many amplicons result from false priming and not real polymorphisms. We describe ways to distinguish between UFW amplicons and false priming products in a high‐throughput assay.     

The composition of the gut microbiota shapes the colon mucus barrier

Two C57BL/6 mice colonies maintained in two rooms of the same specific pathogen-free (SPF) facility were found to have different gut microbiota and a mucus phenotype that was specific for each colony. The thickness and growth of the colon mucus were similar in the two colonies. However, one colony had mucus that was impenetrable to bacteria or beads the size of bacteria—which is comparable to what we observed in free-living wild mice—whereas the other colony had an inner mucus layer penetrable to bacteria and beads. The different properties of the mucus depended on the microbiota, as they were transmissible by transfer of caecal microbiota to germ-free mice. Mice with an impenetrable mucus layer had increased amounts of Erysipelotrichi, whereas mice with a penetrable mucus layer had higher levels of Proteobacteria and TM7 bacteria in the distal colon mucus. Thus, our study shows that bacteria and their community structure affect mucus barrier properties in ways that can have implications for health and disease. It also highlights that genetically identical animals housed in the same facility can have rather distinct microbiotas and barrier structures.