Searching for and Revealing Pleistocene Refugia of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L. in Central Yakutia

As a result of allozyme analysis, Nei’s genetic distances were determined between the phylogeographic group of seven populations of Pinus sylvestris L. in the “glacial” zone of the range in Central Yakutia and 25 populations of its hypothetical Pleistocene refugia of the southern nonglacial zone within the entire range of the species in Northern Eurasia. The location of the most likely “avant-garde” refugium of the modern yakutian populations of the Scots pine is Northern Priamur’e (Tynda), as well as less likely Siberian (Romanovka, Irkutsk), South Ural (Kryktytau), and Central European (the Czech Republic) refugia.     

Formation of electron transport barriers under ECR control of the q(r) profile in the T-10 tokamak

Abstract-the formation of transport barriers under electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive in the t-10 tokamak is studied. in regimes with off-axis co-eccd and q _L <4 at the limiter, a spontaneous transition to improved confinement accompanied by the formation of two electron transport barriers is observed. the improvement resembles an L-H transition. It manifests itself as density growth, a decrease in the D_α emission intensity, and an increase in the central electron and ion temperatures. Two deep wells on the potential profile (the first one at r/a _L ≈0.6, where a _L is the limiter radius, and the second one near the edge) arise during the transition. the internal barrier is formed when dq/dr～0 with q≈1 in the barrier region.     

Ecogeographical characteristics of the seed-bearing capacity and natural regeneration of pine on the fire-sites in pine forests of Transbaikalia

The paper presents the results of the studying of the parameters of post-fire structure and seed-bearing capacity of tree stands, factors of surface medium (thickness of burnt duff, projective cover of herb and moss vegetation) as well as number, vitality, and age structure of self-seeded Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and accompanying small-leaved species in the Lower Selenga pine forest massif of the forest-steppe in Southwestern Transbaikalia. The seed harvests were 1.5–2 times higher than in the geographically replacing forest types in the forest-steppe of West Siberia, and vitality of the undergrowth of the pine under the canopy of fire-affected stands was extremely low. It is shown that the pine reforests successfully on the fire-sites in the zone of insemination from the forest walls and on the thin fire-sites in the cowberry-rhododendron pine forests, where it is 2–3 times more abundant than in forest-steppe of the West Siberia. The reforestation is insufficient on the fire-sites in the bearberry-lichen pine forests.     

Cytoplasmic DNA variation does not support a recent contribution of Pinus sylvestris L. from the Caucasus to the main range

Tree Genetics & Genomes - The Anatolian peninsula otherwise known as Asia Minor is considered one of the centers that shaped grape (Vitis spp.) evolution and domestication. This region with...     

Invasion of Siberian Pine Populations in Mountain Tundra in the Northern Urals

A new method for determining the upper forest border (UFB) as the border of the “root-closed” stand and regrowth as its potential vanguard is proposed. The mass dispersal of Pinus sibirica populations by the nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes) in the UFB ecotone in the Northern Urals (Pavdinskii Kamen’ and Tretii Bugor Mountain) from the middle-mountain taiga to the mountain forest tundra and tundra at a distance reaching 1 km is found. It is done based on the original reconstruction method of the dynamics of population number in P. sibirica annual seedlings and on an analysis of their relations with the dynamics of the seed bearing and population number of the nutcracker. The trustworthy consortive relations of the number of Pinus sibirica generations in the mountain forested tundra and tundra zones, with its seed bearing and nutcracker number in the previous year in the middle-mountain taiga zone, are found. A significant increase, 3.7 times, in the number of seedling generations during the last 49 years is found in connection with the increase in the summer air temperature in the subarctic to 2.0°C. A hypothesis of the formation of the united genetic metapopulation of P. sibirica in the forest–tundra mountain ecotone zone as a consequence of its seed ornitochory from the highly different populations is formulated. A forecast of the mosaic formation of the vanguard “thin forests” in 20–25 years and the root-closed curtains of the forest in 40–50 years in the mountain tundra of the Northern Urals at the current rate of the rise in temperature is made.     

Investigation of the H-mode during ECRH in the T-10 tokamak

An improved confinement regime with an external transport barrier (H-mode) is obtained during electron-cyclotron resonance heating of a plasma in the T-10 tokamak. A characteristic feature of this regime is a spontaneous density growth accompanied by a drop in the intensity of D_α line and an increase in β_p by a factor of ～1.6. The threshold power for the L-H transition is close to that predicted by the ITER scaling. The best characteristics of the H-mode are achieved with decreasing q _L to 2.2. It is shown that the external transport barrier arises for electrons, whereas the heat transport barrier insignificantly contributes to improved confinement.     

Geographical Trends in the Structure and Viability of Cenopopulations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calluna vulgaris</Emphasis> (L.) Hull

On the basis of the system of ordination for the geographic zonal and provincial replacement of types of pine forests, gradients, and some geographical trends of the main parameters of the morphostructure, the growth and viability of the cenopopulations of common heather Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull between various subzones of the Russian Plain and the western part of Western Siberia (Tobolsk area) have been revealed.     

Long-term ecology and conservation of the Kungur forest-steppe (pre-Urals,Russia): case study Spasskaya Gora

Biodiversity and Conservation - The Kungur forest-steppe is the northernmost outpost of European forest-steppe, located in the western pre-Urals within the boreal climatic zone. The co-existence of...     

Genetic and phenotypic differentiation of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. in Pritobolie and Europe

Geographic variation and differentiation of the chloroplast DNA haplotypes and morpho-anatomical leaf parameters were assessed in a number of eastern European groups of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. populations and in the Pritobolien group of populations of this species in Western Siberia, which have long been isolated from the European populations. Sharply pronounced genetic and phenotypic distances and their gradients between the Pritobolien and European population groups were revealed. These distances were many times higher than those between the relatively homogeneous eastern European groups. The data obtained generally supported the hypothesis on the phenogenetic divergence of the Pritobolien marginal populations of C. vulgaris from the European, probably at the subspecies level.