Pseudomonas tolaasii in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) crops: activity of formulations of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol) against the bacterium and the use of this compound to control blotch disease

The bactericidal activity of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol) against Pseudomonas tolaasii , the causative organism of mushroom bacterial blotch, is enhanced by the addition of Tween 80, EDTA and phenylethanol. Results of tests with this pseudomonad confirm that bronopol is more active in alkaline solutions and enhancement of the bactericidal activity of this compound can be obtained by adding calcium carbonate, or mushroom casing (limestone and peat). Quantitative observations show that sterility can be achieved with bronopol at 100 µg/ml in 24 h following artificial inoculation of casing with Ps. tolaasii in glass flasks. On miniature mushroom beds in controlled environments a single application of bronopol, in tap water during routine watering, controls bacterial blotch disease. Bronopol is a slow-acting bactericide, destroying Ps. tolaasii in mushroom casing and effecting control of bacterial blotch disease.     

Fine Structure of Oocyst Transformation and the Sporozoites of Leucocytozoon dubreuili*

SYNOPSIS. The sporogonic stages of Leucocytozoon dubreuili in the midgut and salivary glands of the simuliid vectors was studied by electron microscopy. Young uninucleate oocysts have a pellicle that initially resembles that of the ookinetc. Numerous electron-dense bodies and microtubules in the peripheral cytoplasm may be involved in the formation of the cyst wall. The dense bodies appear to give rise to the amorphous material of the wall. The tubules which run circumferentially beneath the oocyst's boundary probably serve as a skeletal support for the cell surface during deposition of the wall material. A subcapsular “space” which provides area for expansion of the developing sporozoites is formed in early multinucleate oocysts. The subcapsular “space” appears to be formed through a condensation of the peripheral cytoplasm, resulting in an osmotic gradient across the oocyst's limiting membrane. Consequently water diffuses out, creating a fluid-filled space. Sporozoite formation begins with localized thickenings on the oocyst's limiting membrane. Subsequent extension of the thickened regions into the subcapsular “space” marks the onset of sporozoite budding. The process is highly synchronized, and culminates with the production of up to 150 sporozoites about the sporoblastoid body. The structure of sporozoites from mature oocysts and of the salivary glands of the vector is basically similar, although salivary gland sporozoites are more elongate and have numerous electron-dense micronemes. The paired rhoptries in the latter sporozoites are more elongate and uniformly electron-dense than in oocyst sporozoites.     

栅藻对水环境中镍的累积效应与机理分析

对不同 Scenedesmus 品种的藻细胞从含镍水溶液(10mg/L)中累积金属镍的能力进行了分析,结果表明:藻细胞对镍的生物累积量表现出明显的品种差异性. Scenedesmus quadricauda FACHB 44 和 Scenedesmus quadricauda FACHB 506 表现出很强的累积能力(累积量达到5～6 mg Ni /g干重),而 Scenedesmus sp. FACHB 416 和 Scenedesmus sp. FACHB 489在相同条件对金属镍累积量要少得多(1～1.5 mg Ni /g干重).这种差异可能与不同品种藻细胞间的形态结构和生理特性是相关的.对 S. quadricauda FACHB 44 重金属抗性和累积能力进一步的分析表明, S. quadricauda FACHB 44用于含镍重金属废水处理是非常有效的,在高浓度(100 mg/L)的镍溶液中,藻细胞的最大累积量能达到(26.7 mg Ni/g 干重).对该藻细胞镍累积动力学分析发现:藻细胞对镍的生物累积包括一个快速的被动吸附过程(5 min, 结合70%的镍)和一个缓慢的耗能累积过程(2～3 h时间内的累积量占总量的20%～30%).与其他藻类相比, S. quadricauda FACHB 44对水溶液中镍的耗能累积量明显高于其他藻类.透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线能谱(EDX)分析结果均表明,藻细胞耗能累积的镍主要集中在原生质体中,尤以淀粉粒和染色质中为多.     

锌对大叶相思-根瘤菌共生固氮体系影响研究

 研究报道了大叶相思(Acacia auriculaeformis)和美丽胡枝子(Lespedeza formosa)两种根瘤菌在Zn2+重金属环境中耐受性以及植物-根瘤菌共生固氮体系在这种环境中的结瘤、固氮和生长变化,讨论了大叶相思在Pb／Zn矿尾矿废弃地作为先锋植物克服定居初期氮素缺乏的可能性。结果表明：大叶相思根瘤菌对Zn2+的耐受性较强,可以忍受＜10.0 mM的Zn2+浓度,Zn2+对它的半致死浓度是7.91 mM。大叶相思在无重金属无菌砂培条件下固氮酶活性为2.71 C2H4 μg·g-1·h-     

不同生态型摩西球囊霉菌株对蜈蚣草砷吸收的影响

砷超富集植物——蜈蚣草无论是在野外或是在室内均能被丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)侵染,但其对蜈蚣草砷吸收及转运的机理尚不清晰.本研究将分离于湖南省郴州市金川塘某铅锌尾矿蜈蚣草根际土壤(Glomus mosseae BGC GD01,简称污染菌株)和云南省未污染土壤(G.mosseae BGC YN05,简称非污染菌株)的2种摩西球囊霉菌株分别接种于非污染生态型和污染生态型蜈蚣草根际,8周后利用菌根化蜈蚣草幼苗在浓度为100 μmol·L-1砷(Na2HAsO4·7H2O)营养液中进行为期24 h的水培试验.结果表明,2种生态型摩西球囊霉菌株分别与蜈蚣草形成中等程度侵染,侵染率为25.2％ ～31.3％.无论是接种污染菌株或是非污染菌株,均明显促进了蜈蚣草根部对磷的吸收.在24 h水培试验期间,接种非污染菌株显著促进了蜈蚣草根部砷的吸收,但接种污染菌株对蜈蚣草根部砷吸收的促进作用有限,说明AM真菌对蜈蚣草砷吸收存在种内差异.     

呼吸活性的下降可解释水分亏缺对银合欢根瘤固氮酶活性的抑制(英)

在温室条件下研究了水分亏缺对银合欢根瘤的水分关系、固氮酶活性（乙炔还原活性）、呼吸活性以及蔗糖代谢有关酶活性的影响。随着土壤含水量的下降,根瘤水势也相继下降。土壤干旱不但显著地抑制了根瘤乙炔还原的活性,而且对根瘤的呼吸活性、ATP的产生以及催化蔗糖降解的碱性转化酶和蔗糖合成酶的活性也具强烈的抑制作用。然而,根瘤可溶性总糖含量则不受土壤干旱的影响。用呼吸抑制剂DNP处理根瘤后,其固氮酶活性、呼吸活性及ATPI含量都受到极显著的抑制。这都表明,水分胁迫对根瘤呼吸活性及ATP产生的抑制可解释干旱条件下固氮酶活性的下降。     

AngⅡ和PKC对心肌细胞AngⅡ 1型受体的转录调节

利用体外培养的心肌细胞,观察血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）和蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）在诱导ＡｎｇⅡ１型受体（ＡＴ１）基因表达及蛋白质代谢中的作用．研究结果表明：ＡｎｇⅡ可诱导ＡＴ１ｍＲＮＡ水平一过性下调,呈时间及剂量依赖性,１０ｎｍｏｌ／ＬＡｎｇⅡ刺激细胞６ｈ,引起ＡＴ１ｍＲＮＡ水平降低幅度最大,降至对照的５１．６％±９．５％,然后逐渐回升,２４ｈ恢复至对照水平．３０μｍｏｌ／ＬＨ－７（ＰＫＣ抑制剂）能阻断ＡｎｇⅡ诱导的ＡＴ１ｍＲＮＡ水平的下调．０．３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＰＭＡ（ＰＫＣ激活剂）单独应用可诱导ＡＴ１ｍＲＮＡ水平下调达对照的４３％±８％,加入ＡＴ１拮抗剂ＤＭＰ８１１及Ｄｕｐ７５３均可阻断ＡｎｇⅡ诱导的ＡＴ１ｍＲＮＡ水平的下调．１０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＡｎｇⅡ刺激心肌细胞９６ｈ可使蛋白含量降低至对照的７３．４％±５．６％,而加药持续刺激１４４ｈ可使蛋白含量较对照增加３３．８％±６．３％,Ｈ－７不能阻断ＡｎｇⅡ诱导的蛋白含量降低,但可有效地抑制蛋白含量的增加．以上结果提示：ＡｎｇⅡ对心肌细胞ＡＴ１基因的转录和细胞的蛋白代谢有调节作用,而ＰＫＣ则参与了ＡｎｇⅡ的这种调节作用     

各种昆虫耐饥力的观察

昆虫耐饥力的强弱,为昆虫的生物学特性之一。对於这个问题,以前还没有人作过系统性的观察。1950—1951两年,我们在这方面,曾经化了一些时间,并已初步得出一些结果,现在把它整理出来,以供大家讨论。     

草鱼血液的研究

本文报道了212尾池养草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus的血液中红细胞数、自细胞数、血红蛋白值、红细胞脆性值、比积及比重值、血细胞沉降率、白细胞分类计数和各型血细胞体的大小等正常数值和上述常数值在雌雄个体上的差异,以及鱼体年龄和繁殖季节产卵前后的差异等,为草鱼血液的常数值提供了较为系统的资料。