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Summary The occurrence and distribution of endocrine cells and nerves were immunohistochemically demonstrated in the gut and rectal gland of the ratfish Chimaera monstrosa (Holocephala). The epithelium of the gut mucosa revealed open-type endocrine cells exhibiting immunoreactivity for serotonin (5HT), gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK), pancreatic polypeptide (PP)/FMRFamide, somatostatin, glucagon, substance P or gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). The rectum contained a large number of closed-type endocrine cells in the basal layer of its stratified epithelium; the majority contained 5HT- and GRP-like immunoreactivity in the same cytoplasm, whereas others were immunoreactive for substance P. The rectal gland revealed closed-type endocrine cells located in the collecting duct epithelium. Most of these contained substance P-like immunoreactivity, although some reacted either to antibody against somatostatin or against 5HT. Four types of nerves were identified in the gut and the rectal gland. The nerve cells and fibers that were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and GRP formed dense plexuses in the lamina propria, submucosa and muscular layer of the gut and rectal gland. A sparse network of gastrin- and 5HT-immunoreactive nerve fibers was found in the mucosa and the muscular layer of the gut. The present study demonstrated for the first time the occurrence of the closed-type endocrine cells in the mucosa of the rectum and rectal gland of the ratfish. These abundant cells presumably secrete 5HT and/or peptides in response to mechanical stimuli in the gut and the rectal gland. The peptide-containing nerves may be involved in the regulation of secretion by the rectal gland. 相似文献
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Akira Inokuchi Yasunobu Tomida Chizuko Yanaihara Ryogo Yui Yutaka Oomura Hiroshi Kimura Takanobu Hase Tomoaki Matsumoto Noboru Yanaihara 《Cell and tissue research》1986,246(1):71-75
Summary Immunohistochemically, nerve fibers and terminals reacting with anti-N-terminal-specific but not with anti-C-terminal-specific glucagon antiserum were observed in the following rat hypothalamic regions: paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and median eminence. Few fibers and terminals were demonstrated in the lateral hypothalamic area and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Radioimmunoassay data indicated that the concentration of gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity was higher in the ventromedial nucleus than in the lateral hypothalamic area. In food-deprived conditions, this concentration increased in both these parts. This was also verified in immunostained preparations in which a marked enhancement of gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity-containing fibers and terminals was observed in many hypothalamic regions. Several immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei of starved rats. Both biochemical and morphological data suggest that glucagon-related peptides may act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the hypothalamus and may be involved in the central regulatory mechanism related to feeding behavior and energy metabolism. 相似文献
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Ryogo Hirata Coh-ichi Nihei Akihiko Nakano 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(52):37057-37070
p24 family proteins are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane proteins involved in the early secretory pathway. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has 8 known p24 proteins that are classified into four subfamilies (p24α, -β, -γ, and -δ). Emp24 and Erv25 are the sole members of p24β and -δ, respectively, and deletion of either destabilizes the remaining p24 proteins, resulting in p24 null phenotype (p24Δ). We studied genetic and physical interactions of p24α (Erp1, -5, and -6) and γ (Erp2, -3, and -4). Deletion of the major p24α (Erp1) partially inhibited p24 activity as reported previously. A second mutation in either Erp5 or Erp6 aggravated the erp1Δ phenotype, and the triple mutation gave a full p24Δ phenotype. Similar genetic interactions were observed among the major p24γ (Erp2) and the other two γ members. All the p24α/γ isoforms interacted with both p24β and -δ. Interaction between p24β and -δ was isoform-selective, and five major α/γ pairs were detected. These results suggest that the yeast p24 proteins form functionally redundant αβγδ complexes. We also identified Rrt6 as a novel p24δ isoform. Rrt6 shows only limited sequence identity (∼15%) to known p24 proteins but was found to have structural properties characteristic of p24. Rrt6 was induced when cells were grown on glycerol and form an additional αβγδ complex with Erp3, Erp5, and Emp24. This complex was mainly localized to the Golgi, whereas the p24 complex containing Erv25, instead of Rrt6 but otherwise with the same isoform composition, was found mostly in the ER. 相似文献
4.
Yukiko Yamamoto Ryogo Toyoshima Keiichiro Muramatsu 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(12):2585-2590
The supplementation of additional protein or methionine and threonine to a high tyrosinc-low protein diet has previously been shown to prevent the tyrosine toxicity. To elucidate the mechanism, studies were performed on the effect of these supplements on the capacity to oxidize excessive tyrosine. Male weanling rats were ad libitum fed a 10% casein diet containing 5% tyrosine with and without extra casein or methionine plus threonine for 7 days, then animals were injected intraperitoneally with l-tyrosine-U-14C and the oxidation rate to 14CO2 determined in vivo at an interval of several hours throughout a 24-hour period. The addition of extra casein or methionine and threonine to the high tyrosine diet enhanced the ability of tyrosine oxidation, and decreased the radioactivities of the TCA-soluble fractions in plasma, liver and muscle. A high level of free tyrosine in blood and tissues was also lowered by the addition of these supplements. The diurnal chenges in free tyrosine concentration of various tissues were observed. The data suggest that the beneficial effect of extra casein or methionine and threonine supplementation on tyrosine toxicity is due to an increased rate of tyrosine catabolism which results in lower tyrosine concentrations in body fluids which overcomes tyrosine toxicity. 相似文献
5.
Akihiro Okitani Yuzuru Otsuka Mamoru Sugitani Masao Fujimaki 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(3):573-579
The properties of the neutral proteolytic activity concentrated in a fraction (F–1) separated from rabbit muscle homogenate were examined by measuring the effects of various reagents and metal ions, the time course of the proteolysis and Ca-stability. The obtained results have indicated that F–1 contains two types of neutral protease active on proteins, tentatively named Protease I and II, The former, which is activated by Ca2+ and Ca-labile, shows an explosive production of Cu-Folin phenol reagent positive materials at the early stage of incubation. The latter, which is Ca-stable, shows a large production of ninhydrin positive materials throughout the incubation time. The proteolysis by F–1 was similar to the autolysis of muscle homogenate in all the properties examined. Therefore, Proteases I and II were assumed to be main enzymes responsible for the muscle proteolysis at the neutral pH region. As there has been no factor denying their functioning in living muscle, it is probable that Proteases I and II take important parts in the muscle catabolism. 相似文献
6.
Yoshiki Koriyama Yusuke Takagi Kenzo Chiba Matsumi Yamazaki Kayo Sugitani Kunizo Arai Hirokazu Suzuki Satoru Kato 《PloS one》2013,8(8)
Like other CNS neurons, mature retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are unable to regenerate their axons after nerve injury due to a diminished intrinsic regenerative capacity. One of the reasons why they lose the capacity for axon regeneration seems to be associated with a dramatic shift in RGCs’ program of gene expression by epigenetic modulation. We recently reported that (1R)-isoPropyloxygenipin (IPRG001), a genipin derivative, has both neuroprotective and neurite outgrowth activities in murine RGC-5 retinal precursor cells. These effects were both mediated by nitric oxide (NO)/S-nitrosylation signaling. Neuritogenic activity was mediated by S-nitrosylation of histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2), which subsequently induced retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) expression via chromatin remodeling in vitro. RARβ plays important roles of neural growth and differentiation in development. However, the role of RARβ expression during adult rat optic nerve regeneration is not clear. In the present study, we extended this hypothesis to examine optic nerve regeneration by IPRG001 in adult rat RGCs in vivo. We found a correlation between RARβ expression and neurite outgrowth with age in the developing rat retina. Moreover, we found that IPRG001 significantly induced RARβ expression in adult rat RGCs through the S-nitrosylation of HDAC2 processing mechanism. Concomitant with RARβ expression, adult rat RGCs displayed a regenerative capacity for optic axons in vivo by IPRG001 treatment. These neuritogenic effects of IPRG001 were specifically suppressed by siRNA for RARβ. Thus, the dual neuroprotective and neuritogenic actions of genipin via S-nitrosylation might offer a powerful therapeutic tool for the treatment of RGC degenerative disorders. 相似文献
7.
Nakaba Satoshi Arakawa Izumi Morimoto Hikaru Nakada Ryogo Bito Nobumasa Imai Takanori Funada Ryo 《Planta》2016,243(5):1225-1236
Planta - The work demonstrates a relationship between the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite, agatharesinol, and cytological changes that occur in ray parenchyma during cell death in sapwood... 相似文献
8.
Tomoki Kozawa Kenichiro Sugitani Dorothy Z. Oehler Christopher H. House Izumi Saito Takeshi Watanabe Toshiyuki Gotoh 《Geobiology》2019,17(2):113-126
Lenticular, and commonly flanged, microfossils in 3.0–3.4 Ga sedimentary deposits in Western Australia and South Africa are unusually large (20–80 μm across), robust, and widespread in space and time. To gain insight into the ecology of these organisms, we performed simulations of fluid dynamics of virtual cells mimicking lenticular forms of variable sizes, oblateness, flange presence, and flange thickness. Results demonstrate that (a) the flange reduces sedimentation velocity, (b) this flange function works more effectively in larger cells, and (c) modest oblateness lowers sedimentation rate. These observations support interpretations that the lenticular microbes were planktonic—a lifestyle that could have been advantageous in an early Earth harsh environment including violent volcanic activities, repeated asteroid impacts, and relatively high UV‐radiation. Although the robustness of these organisms could have provided additional protection on the early Earth, this architecture may have impeded a planktonic lifestyle by increasing cell density. However, our data suggest that this disadvantage could have been compensated by enlargement of cell volume, which could have enhanced the ability of the flange to slow sedimentation rate, especially if coupled with vacuolation. The results of this simulation study may help to explain the unique morphology and unusually large size of these Archean microfossils. 相似文献
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Curved EFC/F-BAR-domain dimers are joined end to end into a filament for membrane invagination in endocytosis 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Shimada A Niwa H Tsujita K Suetsugu S Nitta K Hanawa-Suetsugu K Akasaka R Nishino Y Toyama M Chen L Liu ZJ Wang BC Yamamoto M Terada T Miyazawa A Tanaka A Sugano S Shirouzu M Nagayama K Takenawa T Yokoyama S 《Cell》2007,129(4):761-772
Pombe Cdc15 homology (PCH) proteins play an important role in a variety of actin-based processes, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The defining feature of the PCH proteins is an evolutionarily conserved EFC/F-BAR domain for membrane association and tubulation. In the present study, we solved the crystal structures of the EFC domains of human FBP17 and CIP4. The structures revealed a gently curved helical-bundle dimer of approximately 220 A in length, which forms filaments through end-to-end interactions in the crystals. The curved EFC dimer fits a tubular membrane with an approximately 600 A diameter. We subsequently proposed a model in which the curved EFC filament drives tubulation. In fact, striation of tubular membranes was observed by phase-contrast cryo-transmission electron microscopy, and mutations that impaired filament formation also impaired membrane tubulation and cell membrane invagination. Furthermore, FBP17 is recruited to clathrin-coated pits in the late stage of CME, indicating its physiological role. 相似文献