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Despite intense study by physicists and biologists, we do not fully understand the unsteady aerodynamics that relate insect wing morphology and kinematics to lift generation. Here, we formulate a force partitioning method (FPM) and implement it within a computational fluid dynamic model to provide an unambiguous and physically insightful division of aerodynamic force into components associated with wing kinematics, vorticity, and viscosity. Application of the FPM to hawkmoth and fruit fly flight shows that the leading-edge vortex is the dominant mechanism for lift generation for both these insects and contributes between 72–85% of the net lift. However, there is another, previously unidentified mechanism, the centripetal acceleration reaction, which generates up to 17% of the net lift. The centripetal acceleration reaction is similar to the classical inviscid added-mass in that it depends only on the kinematics (i.e. accelerations) of the body, but is different in that it requires the satisfaction of the no-slip condition, and a combination of tangential motion and rotation of the wing surface. Furthermore, the classical added-mass force is identically zero for cyclic motion but this is not true of the centripetal acceleration reaction. Furthermore, unlike the lift due to vorticity, centripetal acceleration reaction lift is insensitive to Reynolds number and to environmental flow perturbations, making it an important contributor to insect flight stability and miniaturization. This force mechanism also has broad implications for flow-induced deformation and vibration, underwater locomotion and flows involving bubbles and droplets. 相似文献
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Mutations in the human homolog of the Vhlh gene [encoding the von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein] lead to tumor development. In mice, depletion of Vhlh in pancreatic ß-cells causes perturbed glucose homeostasis, but the role of this gene in other pancreatic cells is poorly understood. To investigate the function of VHL/HIF pathway in pancreatic cells, we inactivated Vhlh in the pancreatic epithelium as well as in the endocrine and exocrine lineages. Our results show that embryonic depletion of Vhlh within the pancreatic epithelium causes postnatal lethality due to severe hypoglycemia. The hypoglycemia is recapitulated in mice with endocrine-specific removal of Vhlh, while animals with loss of Vhlh predominantly in the exocrine compartment survive to adulthood with no overt defects in glucose metabolism. Mice with hypoglycemia display diminished insulin release in response to elevated glucose. Significantly, the glucagon response is impaired both in vivo (circulating glucagon levels) as well as in an in vitro secretion assay in isolated islets. Hypoxia also impairs glucagon secretion in a glucagon-expressing cell line in culture. Our results reveal a novel role for the hypoxia/HIF pathway in islet hormone secretion and maintenance of the fine balance that allows for the establishment of normoglycemia. 相似文献
5.
N K Puri I D Walker M R Brandon 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》1987,139(9):2996-3002
Four monoclonal antibodies, SBU.II 28-1, 37-68, 38-27, and 42-20, each recognizing a distinct, non-overlapping subset of sheep class II molecules, were used to purify class II molecules from a single sheep. Four class II alpha subunits designated 28-1 alpha, 37-68 alpha, 42-20 alpha, and 38-27 alpha and five class II beta subunits designated 28-1 beta, 37-68 beta 1, 37-68 beta 2, 42-20 beta, and 38-27 beta were compared by N-terminal sequence analyses. Two distinct alpha subunits were identified; the 28-1 alpha, 37-68 alpha, and 42-20 alpha subunits all had identical N-terminal amino acids sequences, which exhibited about 75% homology with HLA-DR alpha and mouse E alpha polypeptides. In contrast, the 38-27 alpha sequence exhibited about 80% sequence homology with HLA-DQ alpha and mouse A alpha polypeptides. In general, sheep beta subunits displayed insufficient sequence homology to enable correlation with human beta-chain sequences; however, the 38-27 beta-chain sequence showed homology with the HLA-DQ beta sequence. The conserved sequence surrounding the site for N-linked glycosylation within human/mouse beta polypeptides (residues 19 to 21) was not present in sheep beta sequences and in contrast with the beta-chains of mouse and man, sheep beta polypeptides contained between 1 and 3 positionally variable cysteine residues (residues 13 to 15 inclusive). Individual sheep beta subunits exhibited extensive sequence heterogeneity and each consisted of a unique population of beta polypeptide species. At least 16 different beta polypeptide sequences were identified from a single sheep and the existence of no fewer than nine non-allelic beta genes was inferred from the sequence data. We have previously provided evidence suggesting that the sheep has multiple major histocompatibility complex class II alpha and beta genes related to those of all three HLA-D subregions. The present results suggest that a number of these genes encode HLA-DQ-like heterodimers and that a sheep DR-like alpha gene product is shared with the products of a large and heterogeneous sheep beta gene family. 相似文献
6.
R N Puri F X Zhou R F Colman R W Colman 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1989,162(3):1017-1024
Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation is accompanied by cleavage of aggregin, a surface membrane protein (Mr = 100 kDa), and is mediated by the intracellular activation of calpain. We now find that agents that increase intracellular levels of platelet cAMP by stimulating adenylate cyclase, also inhibit thrombin binding and platelet activation by destabilizing thrombin receptors on the platelet surface. Iloprost (a stable analog of PGI2) and forskolin each completely inhibited platelet aggregation by 2 nM thrombin and markedly decreased cleavage of aggregin. Thrombin inactivated by D-phenylalanine-L-prolyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone (PPACK-thrombin) binds to the highest affinity site for thrombin on the platelet surface, but thrombin modified by N alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone (TLCK-thrombin) does not. We now demonstrate that preincubation of platelets with PPACK-thrombin blocked platelet aggregation and cleavage of aggregin induced by 2 nM thrombin. In contrast, TLCK-thrombin neither blocked platelet aggregation nor the cleavage of aggregin. These results show that a) platelet aggregation and cleavage of aggregin by thrombin (2nm) involves the occupancy of high affinity alpha-thrombin receptors on the platelet surface, and b) stimulators of adenylate cyclase which increase cAMP, inhibit thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and cleavage of aggregin by mechanisms which include inhibiting the binding of thrombin to its receptors. 相似文献
7.
J Puri J H Pierce T Hoffman 《Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids》1992,45(1):43-48
The mouse hematopoietic cell line, 32D, was transfected with c-fms, which encodes for the CSF-1 receptor, a tyrosine kinase (TK). In the absence of CSF-1, transfected cells show moderate levels of arachidonic acid (AA) release and produce a substantial amount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in comparison with the original cell line. Exposure of transfected cells to CSF-1, while inducing a substantial increase in arachidonate release, nevertheless resulted in inhibition of PGE2 production. Addition of ST638, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, to cells transfected with c-fms in the absence of CSF-1 inhibited PGE2 production within 10-60 min. Its addition to the same cells in the presence of CSF-1 induced an opposite effect, but required longer treatment (24 h). In either cell type, AA release was not affected by this agent. These data indicate that CSF-1 may regulate cyclooxygenase activity. The different effect of CSF-1 receptor on PGE2 production in the presence or absence of CSF-1 and the opposite effect of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor on PGE2 suggest that both the receptor alone or the receptor-ligand complex may transduce an active, but different, signal through tyrosine phosphorylation. CSF-1 receptor and CSF-1 may exert separate, but related, effects on phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase activity which, in concert, or along with other tyrosine kinases, regulate prostaglandin production. 相似文献
8.
Inactivation of yeast hexokinase by o-phthalaldehyde: evidence for the presence of a cysteine and a lysine at or near the active site 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yeast hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1), a homodimer, was rapidly and irreversibly inactivated by o-phthalaldehyde at 25 degrees C (pH 7.3). The reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics over a wide range of the inhibitor concentration. The second-order-rate constant for the inactivation of hexokinase was estimated to be 45 M-1.s-1. Hexokinase was protected more by sugar substrates than by nucleoside triphosphates during inactivation by o-phthalaldehyde. Absorption spectrum (lambda max 338 nm), and fluorescence excitation (lambda max 363 nm) and emission (lambda max 403 nm) spectra of the hexokinase-o-phthalaldehyde adduct were consistent with the formation of an isoindole derivative. These results also suggest that sulfhydryl and epsilon-amino functions of the cysteine and lysine residues, respectively, participating in the isoindole formation are about 3 A apart in the native enzyme. About 2 mol of the isoindole per mol of hexokinase dimer were formed following complete loss of the phosphotransferase activity. Chemical modification of hexokinase by iodoacetamide in the presence of mannose resulted in the modification of six sulfhydryl groups per mol of hexokinase with retention of the phosphotransferase activity. Subsequent reaction of the iodoacetamide modified hexokinase with o-phthalaldehyde resulted in complete loss of the phosphotransferase activity with concomitant modification of the remaining two sulfhydryl groups of hexokinase. Chemical modification of hexokinase by iodoacetamide in the absence of mannose resulted in complete inactivation of the enzyme. The iodoacetamide inactivated hexokinase failed to react with o-phthalaldehyde as evidenced by the absence of a fluorescence emission maximum characteristic of the isoindole derivative. The holoenzyme failed to react with [5'-(p-fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine. The dissociated hexokinase could be inactivated by [5'-(p-fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine; the degree of inactivation paralleled the extent of reaction between o-phthalaldehyde and the nucleotide-analog modified enzyme. Thus, it is concluded that two cysteines and lysines at or near the active site of the hexokinase were involved in reaction with o-phthalaldehyde following complete loss of the phosphotransferase activity. An important finding of this investigation is that the lysines, involved in isoindole formation, located at or near the active site are probably buried.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) 相似文献
9.
Peptide mapping analysis of the avian progesterone receptor 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Progesterone receptor from the chicken oviduct has been shown to exist as two 8 S forms (I and II). Form I contains a protein of Mr = 75,000 and form II contains a protein of Mr = 110,000. In addition to these hormone-binding proteins, both receptor forms contain a protein with Mr = 90,000 that does not bind steroid. To investigate the possibility that these proteins are structurally related, they were isolated by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and subjected to peptide mapping analyses after digestion with Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease, papain, or alpha-chymotrypsin. Receptor proteins labeled with [32P]orthophosphate in tissue minces were also subjected to peptide mapping analysis. The electrophoretic patterns of peptide fragments of the 90-kDa protein from receptor forms I and II were identical but were different from the peptide patterns obtained from the 75- and 110-kDa proteins which generated similar peptide patterns, indicating that these are structurally related. However, some differences were evident, indicating that these latter two proteins are not identical substrates for proteases. A one-dimensional comparison of the phosphopeptide patterns from the 75- and 110-kDa proteins also showed them to be similar, but not identical. Two-dimensional maps of phosphopeptides generated from the 75- and 110-kDa protein after complete tryptic digestion revealed multiple sites of phosphorylation which were identical except for one phosphopeptide that was unique to the 110-kDa protein. These results show the two progesterone-binding proteins to be very similar in structure, but to differ considerably from the 90-kDa protein. 相似文献
10.
Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) dependent protein kinase is inactivated by o-phthalaldehyde. The loss of phosphotransferase activity following treatment with o-phthalaldehyde was rapid, and the second-order rate constant at 25 degrees C and pH 7.3 was 35 M-1 s-1. The inactivation reaction did not follow saturation kinetics. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase was protected from inactivation by its substrates, MgATP and Ser-peptide. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectroscopic data showed that an isoindole derivative was formed following the reaction between cGMP-dependent protein kinase and o-phthalaldehyde. Four moles of isoindole per mole of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase dimer was formed following complete inactivation by o-phthalaldehyde. In the absence of cGMP, the protein kinase lost only 50% of its cGMP binding activity while there was almost a complete loss of its phosphotransferase activity. Studies in the presence of 20 microM cGMP, however, showed that about 2 mol of isoindole groups per mole of the protein kinase dimer was formed following complete inactivation by o-phthalaldehyde. The second-order rate constant for inactivation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase by o-phthalaldehyde in the presence of 20 microM cGMP was 40 M-1 s-1. Fluorescence measurements of samples containing inactivated, iodoacetamide-modified, or 5'-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine-modified, cGMP-dependent protein kinase and o-phthalaldehyde showed that the intensity of fluorescence in each case was about 50% of that obtained from unmodified, active cGMP-dependent protein kinase and o-phthalaldehyde.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献