Antioxidant activities of different parts of Gnetum gnemon L.

Analyses on biological activities of Gnetum gnemon were done to determine the total phenolic and antioxidants of the plant. Four parts of G. gnemon were used in this study, which were leaf, bark, twig, and seeds of the plant. All parts were extracted in methanol, ethanol, hexane, chloroform and hot water using reflux. The total phenolic content of the plant extracts were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results demonstrated that the bark from hot water extract showed the highest total phenolic at 10.71?±?0.01 mg GAE/ FDW, while the lowest was chloroform extract of seed at 2.15?±?0.01 mg GAE/ FDW. The antioxidant activity of the plant extracts were determined by using DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. The DPPH results showed that all plant extracts demonstrated weak free radical scavenging activity tested at the final concentration of 300 μg/ml. In contrast, the methanolic twig extract showed strong reducing power activity (FRAP) at 83.55?±?1.05%, while the hot water seed extract showed the least activity at 41.86?±?4.22% tested at the final concentration of 300 μg/ml. However, there were no correlation between total phenolics and both antioxidant assays tested.     

Establishment of Physalis minima hairy roots culture for the production of physalins

This report describes the technique used to induce the hairy roots in Physalis minima (Linn.). Different types of explants obtained from in vitro germinated seedlings were aseptically co-cultivated with A. rhizogenesstrain LBA9402 in different media. Root growth and production of physalins were investigated in various basal media grown under dark and light conditions, and compared to that of normal root cultures. Transformed hairy root cultures grew rapidly and reach stationary phase after 15 days on a B5 medium. HPLC analysis of extracts of hairy root cultures showed that the maximum content of physalin B and F was 1.82 and 4.15 mg g^–1 DW, respectively, when grown under dark conditions. Normal root cultures produced higher physalin B (1.60–1.62 mg g^–1 DW) and F (3.30–3.75 mg g^–1 DW) under the same culture conditions. Physalin F synthesis in light-grown root cultures was reduced significantly.