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Crude steam distillate from Ocimum gratissimum sprayed onto infection courts on detached cocoa pods moments after inoculation with Phytophthora palmivora completely inhibited the pathogen and blackpod lesion development on 75% of the infection courts. Disease suppression obtained with the extract was comparable to that obtained with a 2% Kocide 101 suspension. In the field, the O. gratissimum extract also suppressed lesion development although to a significantly lower (P = 0.05) extent in comparison with Kocide 101. Blackpod lesion expansion rates of 3.80, 3.56, 2.71 and 0.78 cm/day, respectively, were associated with pods treated in the field with C. citratus extract, tap water, O. gratissimum extract and 2% Kocide 101. The extract from Cymbopogon citratus was also ineffective on detached pods. Sporangia of P. palmivora from sporu-lating blackpod lesions on both detached and non-detached pods lost their infectivity within 1 h of treatment with the O. gratissimum extract. This effect was superior to that obtained with Kocide 101. Fungitoxicity of the extract on pods, however, was lost within 3 h of application. Thus, despite its in vivo effectiveness as an eradicant, the O. gratissimum extract, in its present form, has limited utility as a protectant fungicide. 相似文献
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ROS ROC; COOK DAVID T.; MARTINEZ-CORTINA CARMEN; PICAZO ISABEL 《Journal of experimental botany》1992,43(11):1475-1481
Six-day-old rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Bahia) were grownin the presence of 0.5 mol m3 Ni or Cd for 5 or 10 d.Five days after treatment, some plants were transferred to amedium containing no heavy metal for 5 or 10 d. Plasmalemmavesicles from shoots of treated, transferred (recovery experiments)and control plants were isolated, ATPase activity and proton-pumpingwere assessed, and free sterols and phospholipids determined.The ATPase hydrolytic activity was increased by 37% and 34%in 5 and 10 d Cd-treated plants, respectively; and by 66% in5 and 10 d Ni-treated plants. However, neither the initial rateof H+ transport nor the proton-pumping rate at steady-statewere significantly affected by the treatments. The relativeproportion (%) of the plasmalemma sterols campesterol and 5-avenasteroldecreased while sitosterol increased during heavy metal treatment.The overall plasmalemma phospholipid fatty acyl chain lengthand degree of unsaturation were also reduced. In experimentswhere plants recovered from Cd and Ni treatment, differencesbetween treated and control plants were reverted, particularlyin 10 d Ni-recovered plants. The possible involvement of lipidsin the regulation of the plasmalemma ATPase as well as the relationshipbetween growth, ATPase and adaptations to stress conditionsare discussed. Key words: Cadmium, nickel, sterols, phospholipids, ATPase 相似文献
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ROCÍO ROSA GARCÍA BERTA M. JÁUREGUI URCESINO GARCÍA KOLDO OSORO RAFAEL CELAYA 《Ecological Entomology》2009,34(4):466-475
Abstract 1. The effects of different goat breeds and grazing pressures on epigeal arachnids (Lycosidae and Opiliones) and ground beetles (Carabidae) were assessed in a heath–gorse shrubland located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Three treatments (low grazing pressure with Cashmere breed, high grazing pressure with Cashmere breed, and high grazing pressure with local Celtiberic breed) with three replicates of each treatment were allocated randomly to nine plots. 2. Arthropod fauna abundance, diversity, and species richness were estimated using pitfall trapping over 3 years (2003, 2004, and 2005). Vegetation cover, composition, and height were assessed along transects and above‐ground plant biomass was sampled in quadrats. 3. Lower grazing pressure led to lower herbaceous cover and higher heather cover than high grazing pressure. Overall, it did not enhance arthropod diversity or abundance, but the abundance and species richness of carabids, and abundance of lycosids like Pardosa pullata, were higher under high stocking rates, whereas Opiliones were favoured by the low stocking rates. Although it has been assumed that traditional breeds enhance biodiversity, the present study found no significant differences for both arthropod fauna and vegetation between the goat breeds. 4. Arthropod–vegetation relationships were examined by constrained ordination. Fauna assemblages followed a gradient from closed canopy shrubland areas, in the lowest grazing pressure, to grassier open canopy areas resulting from higher grazing pressure, revealing the importance of grazing management as a driver of arthropod community structure of the heathland. 相似文献
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Effects of testosterone on growth, plumage pigmentation, and mortality in Black-headed Gull chicks 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ALBERT F.H. ROS 《Ibis》1999,141(3):451-459
In the Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus, sibling chicks defend small territories against conspecifics with testosterone-dependent aggressive behaviour. The energetic requirements for the performance of this behaviour may trade off against the energetic requirements for growth. There are indications that testosterone suppresses growth in birds and, therefore, regulate this trade-off. In this study, the effect of testosterone on growth and plumage pigmentation of Black-headed Gull chicks was analysed. Young chicks in small groups were treated for ten days with testosterone or sham treated. Testosterone-treated birds showed decreased growth rate (daily increase in body mass, head-bill length and tarsus-length) and a marked decrease in juvenile pigmentation of the plumage (tail-bar, back, and secondary coverts). Field measurements revealed a negative correlation between nest density, which correlates positively with aggressive behaviour of adults, and plumage coloration. Furthermore, these measurements showed an increase in mortality of chicks that had low levels of pigmentation early in life. The data suggest that chicks face a testosterone-regulated trade-off between growth and territory defence. 相似文献
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BIANCA ETHEL GUTIÉRREZ-AMAVIZCA ANDREAS GAL ROCÍO ORTÍZ-OROZCO ULRICH ORTH ERNESTO PRADO MONTES DE OCA JAIME PAUL GUTIÉRREZ-AMAVIZCA LUIS E. FIGUERA 《Journal of genetics》2017,96(1):161-164
Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder, which develops due to a deficiency in the hydrolytic enzyme, α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A). Alpha-Gal A hydrolyzes glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), and an α-Gal A deficiency leads to Gb3 accumulation in tissues and cells in the body. This pathology is likely to involve multiple systems, but it is generally considered to affect primarily vascular endothelium. In this study, we investigated mutations in the GLA gene, which encodes α-Gal A, in Mexican families with FD. We included seven probands with FD that carried known mutations. We analysed pedigrees of the probands, and performed molecular screening in 65 relatives with the potential of carrying a GLA mutation. Five mutations (P40S, IVS4 +4, G328V, R363H, R404del) were detected in seven unrelated Mexican families with the classic FD phenotype. Of the 65 relatives examined, 42 (64.6%) had a GLA gene mutation. In summary, among seven Mexican probands with FD, 65 relatives were at risk of carrying a known GLA mutation, and molecular screening identified 42 individuals with the mutation. Thus, our findings showed that it is important to perform molecular analysis in families with FD to detect mutations and to provide accurate diagnoses for individuals that could be affected. 相似文献
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After school, college or university, adult education in Britain continues in many spheres. The Field Studies Council provides opportunities for a wide scope of amateur and professional naturalists to learn about various aspects of ecology through first hand experience in the field with like-minded people. The FSC is internationally recognized as the pioneer in environmental education and is still at the forefront of ecological thought. Courses are run at a variety of levels on a wide range of subjects. Within our full programme, there should be something for all at home or overseas. 相似文献
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Hydrogen Peroxide Production is a General Property of the Lignifying Xylem from Vascular Plants 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the lignifying xylemof several vascular plants has been studied using a new histochemicalmethod based on the H2O2-dependent oxidation of 3,5,3'5'-tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) catalysed by cell wall peroxidases. This method allowsH2O2to be determined in the range of 5100 µM, whereother methods, such as the KI/starch reagent, fail. With thismethod, it has been possible to determine H2O2production inthe lignifying xylem of a wide range of vascular plants (gymnospermsand angiosperms). The capability of xylem tissues of sustainingH2O2production lends support to the hypothesis that cinnamylalcohol polymerization in xylem vessels is caused by an H2O2-dependentoxidative coupling process.Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company H2O2generation, lignification, peroxidase, tetramethylbenzidine, xylem. 相似文献