儿童肺炎肺实变住院患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原分析

本研究分析肺炎肺实变患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原谱构成,旨在为临床经验性抗感染治疗提供指导。收集2019年1月-2020年1月复旦大学附属儿科医院纤维支气管镜室诊治的住院肺炎病例临床资料,其中肺实变的诊断基于影像学证据,依托国家儿童医学中心病原学检测平台,并参考感染传染科医生解读,本研究对肺炎伴肺实变患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液标本的病原学检测结果进行回顾性分析。结果显示,286例肺炎患儿的286份支气管肺泡灌洗液标本被纳入研究,平均年龄5.5(5.8±3.1)岁,其中195例(68.2%)存在肺炎伴肺实变。总病原体检出率为76.6%(219/286),肺实变和无肺实变肺炎患儿病原体检出率分别为77.9%(152/195)和73.6%(67/91),差异无统计学意义;检出的前5种病原体均为肺炎支原体、腺病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒3型。5周岁及以上患儿肺炎支原体检出率达最高77.0%(127/165),肺实变病例和无肺实变病例肺炎支原体检出率分别为67.2%(131/195)和61.5%(56/91),差异无统计学意义。本研究结果提示,肺炎支原体、腺病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒3型是导致本研究目标人群患病的主要病原体;病原体检出率高低与是否肺实变无关。     

Dynamics of Yersinia pestis and Its Antibody Response in Great Gerbils (Rhombomys opimus) by Subcutaneous Infection

Background

Rhombomys opimus (great gerbil) is a reservoir of Yersinia pestis in the natural plague foci of Central Asia. Great gerbils are highly resistant to Y. pestis infection. The coevolution of great gerbils and Y. pestis is believed to play an important role in the plague epidemics in Central Asia plague foci. However, the dynamics of Y. pestis infection and the corresponding antibody response in great gerbils have not been evaluated. In this report, animal experiments were employed to investigate the bacterial load in both the liver and spleen of infected great gerbils. The dynamics of the antibody response to the F1 capsule antigen of Y. pestis was also determined.

Methodology

Captured great gerbils that tested negative for both anti-F1 antibodies and bacterial isolation were infected subcutaneously with different doses (10⁵ to 10¹¹ CFU) of a Y. pestis strain isolated from a live great gerbil during routine plague surveillance in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China. The clinical manifestations, changes in body weight, anal temperature, and gross anatomy of the infected animals were observed. The blood cell count, bacterial load, and anti-F1 antibody titers were determined at different time points after infection using a blood analyzer, plate counts, and an indirect hemagglutination assay, respectively.

Conclusions/Significance

The dynamics of bacterial load and the anti-F1 antibody concentration in great gerbils are highly variable among individuals. The Y. pestis infection in great gerbils could persist as long as 15 days. They act as an appropriate reservoir for plague in the Junggar Basin, which is part of the natural plague foci in Central Asia. The dynamics of the Y. pestis susceptibility of great gerbil will improve the understanding of its variable resistance, which would facilitate the development of more effective countermeasures for controlling plague epidemics in this focus.     

Organic carbon content and distribution in soils under different land uses in tropical and subtropical China

Tropical and subtropical China comprises a land area of about 215 Mha, but reports on its soil C storage and contents are limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the C density, stocks and distribution in soils of this region under different land uses by using soil species data from the Second National Soil Survey and the Vegetation Map of the People's Republic of China (1:4 M). It was estimated that there is a total of about 28.7±8.2 Pg organic C stored in the upper 1 m of soils of the entire region. Changes of C content (C) with depth (D) were observed following a relationship of C = (c + D)/ (a + bD), or C = 1/(a + bD). Of the various patterns of land uses in the region, soil C density was generally higher in the west than in the east, and while small differences were found in croplands, there were large variations in natural soils. In the west, the C density of meadow and herbaceous swamp soil was the highest (about 40 kg C/m²), followed by coniferous and broad-leaf forest soils (19.6 and 19.2 kg C/m², respectively). The C density of paddy, bush and coppice forest soils showed a density of 12.6 and 14.6 kg C/m², respectively. Upland and grass-savanah soils ranked the lowest (9.4 and 10.5 kg C/m², respectively). In the east, meadow and herbaceous swamp soil had the highest C density (25.2 kg C/m²), but differences in C density among soils under coniferous forest, broad-leaf forest, bush and coppice forest, and rice were small, varying from 10.2 to 11.4 kg C/m². The C density of upland soil (7.2 kg C/m²), appeared a little higher than that of grass-savanah soil (6.3 kg C/m²). For the various land uses in the region, the C density estimation is accompanied by relatively large variations.     

SD-RLK28 positively regulates pollen hydration on stigmas as a PCP-Bβ receptor in Arabidopsis thaliana

Pollen hydration on dry stigmas is strictly regulated by pollen–stigma interactions in Brassicaceae. Although several related molecular events have been described, the molecular mechanism underlying pollen hydration remains elusive. Multiple B-class pollen coat proteins(PCP-Bs) are involved in pollen hydration. Here, by analyzing the interactions of two PCP-Bs with three Arabidopsis thaliana stigmas strongly expressing S-domain receptor kinase(SD-RLK), we determined that SD-RLK28 directly intera...     

广西生态农业:历程、成效、问题及对策

生态农业已成为世界农业发展的重要模式和方向。广西生态农业的发展具有基础好、起步早、发展快、模式多、效益佳的特点。从新中国成立至今,广西生态农业经历了4个发展阶段:第一阶段(1949—1977年):群众自发,实践摸索;第二阶段(1978—1991年):模式创新,高产高效;第三阶段(1992—2002年):政府推动,全面推广;第四阶段(2003年至今):模式优化,提质增效。60多年来,广西生态农业发展取得了显著的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,具体表现在:增加产量、提高效益、改善品质、节约资源、保护环境、提升人员素质、扩大国内外影响等7个方面。当前,广西生态农业存在着6个方面的突出问题:(1)科技薄弱,人才不足;(2)经济落后,资金缺乏;(3)生态脆弱,条件恶劣;(4)技术组装不配套,理论研究不深入;(5)意识不强,措施不力;(6)规模化不够,产业化不强。为使广西生态农业今后又好又快地发展,必须采取如下对策和措施:一是提高认识,转变观念;二是搞好规划,完善制度;三是增加投入,改善条件;四是重视科技,培养人才;五是调整结构,优化模式;六是因地制宜,发挥优势;七是加强交流,开展合作;八是综合配套,全面发展;九是"三效"(经济效益、生态效益和社会效益)并举,良性循环;十是"四化"(规模化、产业化、集约化、科技化)同步,持续发展。     

广西灵川县种植业的可持续发展

广西是我国南方农业大省(区),明确其农业发展的制约因素,提出具体的解决措施,实现农业可持续发展,对解决农业、农村和农民问题,促进经济持续、快速、健康发展,实现社会主义现代化建设战略目标具有重要的理论和现实意义。主要采用了参与性农户评估方法(PRA),通过随机入户方式,与农户面对面交流,并结合调查问卷,对广西桂林市灵川县11个乡镇的农户进行了调查访问,为方便研究和数据处理,在数据分析过程中将该县11个乡镇分为3个片区:东部片区、中部片区、北部片区,对比3组农户的文化素质、种植制度、冬季农业现状、农业需求和农田水利设施等方面问题,探讨广西农业可持续发展的制约因素,并提出相应的对策,以期为广西农业可持续发展提供理论依据。调查结果表明,虽然目前灵川县农业取得众多发展成就,但仍存在以下几个方面的问题,严重影响了该县种植业可持续发展的进程。一是种植制度结构单一,二是冬季农业发展薄弱,三是种植技术贫乏,四是基础设施建设不完善等,因此,为促进灵川县种植业可持续发展,亟需采取以下对策和措施:调整作物种植结构,建立合理的种植制度;大力发展冬季农业;满足农民最迫切的农业需求;加强农业基础设施建设等。     

红壤旱地不同复种方式养地效果

为了提出适宜南方红壤区旱地质量提升的持续高效种植模式,在江西农业大学科技园开展田间试验,以传统复种方式为对照,从土壤理化性状、微生物及酶活性等多方面分析比较不同复种方式对土壤的养地效果,为提出可持续发展的农田耕作模式提供理论基础。结果表明:不同复种方式中,绿肥种植和绿肥翻压还田对土壤具有明显养地效果,其中处理C"黑麦草-花生‖玉米-粟‖荞麦"具有较高的土壤阳离子交换量、有机质、碱解氮、全磷含量以及土壤酶活性和较多的土壤微生物种类、数量,从而显著提高土壤肥力和土壤持续生产力,养地效果最佳;处理B"混播绿肥(油菜、紫云英、肥田萝卜)-大豆‖玉米-绿豆‖芝麻"降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,改善土壤的通气性、透水性,明显提高土壤pH值、全氮、有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量,养地效果次之。因此,大力推广应用冬季绿肥是促进红壤旱地生态系统可持续发展的有效耕作措施。     

广西中南部耕地土壤有机质和全氮变化的遥感监测

以1981年、2011年土壤数据为基础,以AVHRR和MODIS遥感影像为数据源,通过研究广西中南部土壤有机质、全氮及其变化与归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、植被覆盖度、植被净初级生产力(NPP)等遥感因子之间的耦合关系,建立表层土壤有机质、全氮含量变化的遥感监测模型。研究表明:近30年来,研究区土壤有机质、全氮变化均呈极显著上升趋势,分别增加了5.43g/kg和0.21g/kg;1981—2011年间,NDVI、植被覆盖度和NPP 3个遥感因子变化趋势一致,均呈现缓慢上升趋势,且遥感因子变化与有机质、全氮变化均具有显著正相关关系;利用逐步线性回归方法,建立土壤有机质、全氮变化的遥感监测模型,分别能够解释有机质、全氮变化的16.9%和20.3%;根据所建模型对研究区耕地土壤有机质、全氮变化可进行空间预测制图。结果表明,研究区内耕地土壤表层有机质、全氮分别上升了6.65g/kg和0.31g/kg,验证结果显示遥感模型能够反映出不同区域土壤有机质和全氮长期变化的空间特征。     

2000-2011年广西植被净初级生产力时空分布特征及其驱动因素

受人类活动及自然环境影响,广西土壤酸化、水土流失及石漠化等问题比较严重,生态环境面临巨大压力。NPP能有效反映植物群落在自然环境中的生产能力,是评价生态服务功能的重要指标。利用2000—2011年MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,基于光能利用率模型对广西植被净初级生产力(NPP)进行估算,分析其时空变化规律,探讨气象因子、植被类型、土壤类型、海拔高度及人类活动的影响。研究表明:近12年广西全区NPP总体呈增加趋势,在西南部地区上升较为明显,而在桂林、柳州等地区呈缓慢下降趋势。广西NPP与降水呈显著正相关关系,与温度相关性不显著;NPP值随海拔高度升高而增加;NPP时空变化特征随植被类型和土壤类型的不同而不同,其中栽培植被NPP不断上升,显示人类活动逐渐成为影响NPP变化的主要因素。     

氮杂环卡宾二氧化碳加合物催化转酯反应制备生物柴油

为了开发一种无金属有机催化剂用于生物柴油的制备,合成了一系列咪唑(啉)类氮杂环卡宾的二氧化碳加合物(N-heterocyclic carbenes CO2adducts,NHC-CO2),通过加热使其释放游离卡宾,并催化转酯反应制备生物柴油。为了比较催化活性,不同结构的NHC—CO2被用于大豆油的转酯反应中。结果发现:当使用咪唑类催化剂时,产物中甲酯含量大于90%,而当使用咪唑啉型催化剂,甲酯含量不足20%,这说明咪唑类催化剂更适合本研究中的转酯反应。催化剂最佳用量为大豆油的2%(摩尔百分比),最佳醇油比为12∶1。本研究中催化剂前体释放游离卡宾进入反应介质,反应迅速,产品分离简单,是制备生物柴油的有效绿色方法。