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Habitat structure and anthropogenic disturbance are known to affect primate diversity and abundance. However, researchers
have focused on lowland rain forests, whereas endangered deciduous forests have been neglected. We aimed to investigate the
relationships between primate diversity and abundance and habitat parameters in 10 deciduous forest fragments southeast of
Santa Cruz, Bolivia. We obtained primate data via line-transect surveys and visual and acoustic observations. In addition,
we assessed the vegetation structure (canopy height, understory density), size, isolation time, and surrounding forest area
of the fragments. We interpreted our results in the context of the historical distribution data for primates in the area before
fragmentation and interviews with local people. We detected 5 of the 8 historically observed primate species: Alouatta caraya, Aotus azarae boliviensis, Callithrix melanura, Callicebus donacophilus, and Cebus libidinosus juruanus. Total species number and detection rates decreased with understory density. Detection rates also negatively correlated with
forest areas in the surroundings of a fragment, which may be due to variables not assessed, i.e., fragment shape, distance
to nearest town. Observations for Alouatta and Aotus were too few to conduct further statistics. Cebus and Callicebus were present in 90% and 70% of the sites, respectively, and their density did not correlate with any of the habitat variables
assessed, signaling high ecological plasticity and adaptability to anthropogenic impact in these species. Detections of Callithrix were higher in areas with low forest strata. Our study provides baseline data for future fragmentation studies in Neotropical
dry deciduous forests and sets a base for specific conservation measures. 相似文献
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Julia C Jones Carmelo Fruciano Falk Hildebrand Hasan Al Toufalilia Nicholas J Balfour Peer Bork Philipp Engel Francis LW Ratnieks William OH Hughes 《Ecology and evolution》2018,8(1):441-451
There is growing recognition that the gut microbial community regulates a wide variety of important functions in its animal hosts, including host health. However, the complex interactions between gut microbes and environment are still unclear. Honey bees are ecologically and economically important pollinators that host a core gut microbial community that is thought to be constant across populations. Here, we examined whether the composition of the gut microbial community of honey bees is affected by the environmental landscape the bees are exposed to. We placed honey bee colonies reared under identical conditions in two main landscape types for 6 weeks: either oilseed rape farmland or agricultural farmland distant to fields of flowering oilseed rape. The gut bacterial communities of adult bees from the colonies were then characterized and compared based on amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. While previous studies have delineated a characteristic core set of bacteria inhabiting the honey bee gut, our results suggest that the broad environment that bees are exposed to has some influence on the relative abundance of some members of that microbial community. This includes known dominant taxa thought to have functions in nutrition and health. Our results provide evidence for an influence of landscape exposure on honey bee microbial community and highlight the potential effect of exposure to different environmental parameters, such as forage type and neonicotinoid pesticides, on key honey bee gut bacteria. This work emphasizes the complexity of the relationship between the host, its gut bacteria, and the environment and identifies target microbial taxa for functional analyses. 相似文献
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Seed dormancy release and germination of Corispermum lehmannianum Bunge were tested using various treatments: temperature, cold stratification, gibberelins (GA3), dry storage and sand burial. Results showed that temperature and light did not affect the germination of fresh seeds, cold stratification and GA3 could improve seed germination, whereas dry storage and sand burial did not. The germination percentage was highest at 35/20 °C after the cold stratification and GA3 treatments. Corispermum lehmannianum seeds were classified as non-deep, Type-2, physiological dormancy (PD), whose seed dormancy could be released by cold stratification and GA3. 相似文献
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Research on coordination and decision-making in humans and nonhuman primates has increased considerably throughout the last decade. However, terminology has been used inconsistently, hampering the broader integration of results from different studies. In this short article, we provide a glossary containing the central terms of coordination and decision-making research. The glossary is based on previous definitions that have been critically revised and annotated by the participants of the symposium “Where next? Coordination and decision-making in primate groups” at the XXIIIth Congress of the International Primatological Society (IPS) in Kyoto, Japan. We discuss a number of conceptual and methodological issues and highlight consequences for their implementation. In summary, we recommend that future studies on coordination and decision-making in animal groups do not use the terms “combined decision” and “democratic/despotic decision-making.” This will avoid ambiguity as well as anthropocentric connotations. Further, we demonstrate the importance of 1) taxon-specific definitions of coordination parameters (initiation, leadership, followership, termination), 2) differentiation between coordination research on individual-level process and group-level outcome, 3) analyses of collective action processes including initiation and termination, and 4) operationalization of successful group movements in the field to collect meaningful and comparable data across different species. 相似文献
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Stomata regulate gas exchange and their closure in response to pathogens may, in some cases, contribute to resistance. However, in the cereal mildew and rust systems, stomatal closure follows establishment of compatible infections. In incompatible systems, expression of major (R) gene controlled hypersensitive responses (HR), causes drastic, permanent stomatal dysfunction: stomata become locked open following powdery mildew attack and locked shut following rust attack. Thus, stomatal locking can be a hitherto unsuspected negative consequence of R gene resistance that carries a physiological cost affecting plant performance.Key Words: stomata, rust, mildew, hypersensitive response, stomatal lock-up 相似文献
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Nucleotide variation in the triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) locus of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Hasson E; Wang IN; Zeng LW; Kreitman M; Eanes WF 《Molecular biology and evolution》1998,15(6):756-769
DNA sequence variation in a 1.1-kb region including the coding portion of
the Tpi locus was examined in 25 homozygous third-chromosome lines of
Drosophila melanogaster, nine lines of Drosophila simulans, and one line of
Drosophila yakuba. Our data show that the widespread allozyme polymorphism
observed in cosmopolitan D. melanogaster is due to a glutamic acid
substitution occurring in a phylogenetically conserved lysine that has been
identified as part of the "hinged-lid" active site of the enzyme. This
observation suggests that the replacement polymorphism may have important
functional consequences. One replacement polymorphism was also observed in
D. simulans, although its functional relevance is more difficult to assess,
since it affects a site that is not strongly conserved. This amino acid
change in D. simulans is associated with a single lineage possessing seven
unique silent substitutions, which may be indicative of balancing selection
or population subdivision. The absence of fixed amino acid differences
between D. melanogaster and D. simulans and only a single difference with
D. yakuba suggests that triose phosphate isomerase is under strong
functional constraint. Silent variation is slightly higher for D.
melanogaster than for D. simulans. Finally, we outline the general lack of
evidence for old balanced polymorphisms at allozyme loci in D.
melanogaster.
相似文献
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The present study sought to examine the effect of 5 weeks of training with minimalist footwear on oxygen consumption during walking and running. Thirteen college-aged students (male n = 7, female n = 6, age: 21.7±1.4 years, height: 168.9±8.8 cm, weight: 70.4±15.8 kg, VO2max: 46.6±6.6 ml·kg−1·min−1) participated in the present investigation. The participants did not have experience with minimalist footwear. Participants underwent metabolic testing during walking (5.6 km·hr−1), light running (7.2 km·hr−1), and moderate running (9.6 km·hr−1). The participants completed this assessment barefoot, in running shoes, and in minimalist footwear in a randomized order. The participants underwent 5 weeks of training with the minimalist footwear. Afterwards, participants repeated the metabolic testing. Data was analyzed via repeated measures ANOVA. The analysis revealed a significant (F4,32= 7.576, =0.408, p ≤ 0.001) interaction effect (time × treatment × speed). During the initial assessment, the minimalist footwear condition resulted in greater oxygen consumption at 9.6 km·hr−1 (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the barefoot condition, while the running shoe condition resulted in greater oxygen consumption than both the barefoot and minimalist condition at 7.2 and 9.6 km·hr−1. At post-testing the minimalist footwear was not different at any speed compared to the barefoot condition (p> 0.12). This study suggests that initially minimalist footwear results in greater oxygen consumption than running barefoot, however; with utilization the oxygen consumption becomes similar. 相似文献
10.
William G Miller Irene V Wesley Stephen LW On Kurt Houf Francis Mégraud Guilin Wang Emma Yee Apichai Srijan Carl J Mason 《BMC microbiology》2009,9(1):196