全文获取类型
收费全文 | 161篇 |
免费 | 20篇 |
专业分类
181篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 1篇 |
2020年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 3篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 4篇 |
2015年 | 9篇 |
2014年 | 13篇 |
2013年 | 9篇 |
2012年 | 7篇 |
2011年 | 14篇 |
2010年 | 6篇 |
2009年 | 9篇 |
2008年 | 14篇 |
2007年 | 7篇 |
2006年 | 7篇 |
2005年 | 4篇 |
2004年 | 3篇 |
2003年 | 2篇 |
2002年 | 2篇 |
2001年 | 12篇 |
2000年 | 2篇 |
1999年 | 1篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 1篇 |
1995年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
1964年 | 1篇 |
1962年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有181条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
Priority threat management of invasive animals to protect biodiversity under climate change 下载免费PDF全文
Jennifer Firn Ramona Maggini Iadine Chadès Sam Nicol Belinda Walters Andy Reeson Tara G. Martin Hugh P. Possingham Jean‐Baptiste Pichancourt Rocio Ponce‐Reyes Josie Carwardine 《Global Change Biology》2015,21(11):3917-3930
Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity, and its impacts can act synergistically to heighten the severity of other threats. Most research on projecting species range shifts under climate change has not been translated to informing priority management strategies on the ground. We develop a prioritization framework to assess strategies for managing threats to biodiversity under climate change and apply it to the management of invasive animal species across one‐sixth of the Australian continent, the Lake Eyre Basin. We collected information from key stakeholders and experts on the impacts of invasive animals on 148 of the region's most threatened species and 11 potential strategies. Assisted by models of current distributions of threatened species and their projected distributions, experts estimated the cost, feasibility, and potential benefits of each strategy for improving the persistence of threatened species with and without climate change. We discover that the relative cost‐effectiveness of invasive animal control strategies is robust to climate change, with the management of feral pigs being the highest priority for conserving threatened species overall. Complementary sets of strategies to protect as many threatened species as possible under limited budgets change when climate change is considered, with additional strategies required to avoid impending extinctions from the region. Overall, we find that the ranking of strategies by cost‐effectiveness was relatively unaffected by including climate change into decision‐making, even though the benefits of the strategies were lower. Future climate conditions and impacts on range shifts become most important to consider when designing comprehensive management plans for the control of invasive animals under limited budgets to maximize the number of threatened species that can be protected. 相似文献
4.
We introduce a model for the dynamics of a patchy population in a stochastic environment and derive a criterion for its persistence. This criterion is based on the geometric mean (GM) through time of the spatial-arithmetic mean of growth rates. For the population to persist, the GM has to be >/=1. The GM increases with the number of patches (because the sampling error is reduced) and decreases with both the variance and the spatial covariance of growth rates. We derive analytical expressions for the minimum number of patches (and the maximum harvesting rate) required for the persistence of the population. As the magnitude of environmental fluctuations increases, the number of patches required for persistence increases, and the fraction of individuals that can be harvested decreases. The novelty of our approach is that we focus on Malthusian local population dynamics with high dispersal and strong environmental variability from year to year. Unlike previous models of patchy populations that assume an infinite number of patches, we focus specifically on the effect that the number of patches has on population persistence. Our work is therefore directly relevant to patchily distributed organisms that are restricted to a small number of habitat patches. 相似文献
5.
Species richness and abundance are biodiversity metrics widely used to describe and estimate changes in biodiversity. Studies of marine species richness and abundance typically focus on one, or just a few, taxa. Consequently, it is currently not possible to understand the performance of predictors of species richness and abundance across marine taxa. Using a taxonomically comprehensive dataset of twelve major taxa of flora and fauna from eight phyla sampled from the inter‐reef seabed region of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, we used boosted regression trees to test the performance of fourteen environmental and spatial predictors of species richness and abundance. Sediment composition predicted richness best for all taxa: gravel contributed up to 39% relative influence for one group and all taxa had low richness in muddy habitats. Sea surface temperature, seabed current shear stress, depth and latitude were also influential predictors for species richness for eight groups. Sediment was frequently an influential predictor for abundance also, while distance to domain (reef/coast) and longitude were relatively influential for six taxa. Within‐site richness was correlated between nearly all pairs of taxa, as was within‐site abundance, however ρ values were low. Overall, model performance was high, explaining up to 62% deviance of species richness, and 38% of abundance. Typically, deviance explained was greater for richness than abundance and may indicate that some drivers of species richness operate independently of any effects on species richness mediated by their effect on abundance. Deviance explained differed most between richness and abundance for bryozoans (23.3% difference) and soft corals (15.2% difference). While sediments were consistently the best predictors across all taxa, the inconsistent influence of all other predictors across taxonomic groups, as well as the low correlation of richness and abundance across taxonomic groups, cautions against predicting regional patterns of species richness and abundance from few taxa. 相似文献
6.
In this paper we present a deterministic, discrete-time model for a two-patch predator-prey metapopulation. We study optimal
harvesting for the metapopulation using dynamic programming. Some rules are established as generalizations of rules for a
single-species metapopulation harvesting theory. We also establish rules to harvest relatively more (or less) vulnerable prey
subpopulations and more (or less) efficient predator subpopulations. 相似文献
7.
Martin F. J. Taylor Paul S. Sattler Megan Evans Richard A. Fuller James E. M. Watson Hugh P. Possingham 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2011,20(4):767-777
Despite the growing numbers of threatened species and high levels of spending on their recovery worldwide, there is surprisingly
little evidence about which conservation approaches are effective in arresting or reversing threatened species declines. Using
two government data sets, we examined associations between population trends for 841 nationally-threatened terrestrial species
in Australia, and four measures of conservation effort: (a) how much their distribution overlaps with strictly protected areas
(IUCN I–IV), (b) and other protected areas (IUCN V–VI), (c) the number of recovery activities directed at the species, and
(d) numbers of natural resource conservation activities applied in areas where populations of the threatened species occur.
We found that all populations of 606 (72%) species were in decline. Species with greater distributional overlap with strictly
protected areas had proportionately more populations that were increasing or stable. This effect was robust to geographic
range size, data quality differences and extent of protection. Measures other than strictly protected areas showed no positive
associations with stable or increasing trends. Indeed, species from regions with more natural resource conservation activities
were found to be more likely to be declining, consistent with differential targeting of such generalised conservation activities
to highly disturbed landscapes. Major differences in trends were also found among the different jurisdictions in which species
predominantly occurred, which may be related to different legislative protections against habitat destruction. Although we
were not able to test causation, this research corroborates other evidence that protected areas contribute to the stabilization
or recovery of threatened species, and provides little empirical support for other conservation approaches. 相似文献
8.
Grantham HS Game ET Lombard AT Hobday AJ Richardson AJ Beckley LE Pressey RL Huggett JA Coetzee JC van der Lingen CD Petersen SL Merkle D Possingham HP 《PloS one》2011,6(2):e16552
Pelagic ecosystems support a significant and vital component of the ocean's productivity and biodiversity. They are also heavily exploited and, as a result, are the focus of numerous spatial planning initiatives. Over the past decade, there has been increasing enthusiasm for protected areas as a tool for pelagic conservation, however, few have been implemented. Here we demonstrate an approach to plan protected areas that address the physical and biological dynamics typical of the pelagic realm. Specifically, we provide an example of an approach to planning protected areas that integrates pelagic and benthic conservation in the southern Benguela and Agulhas Bank ecosystems off South Africa. Our aim was to represent species of importance to fisheries and species of conservation concern within protected areas. In addition to representation, we ensured that protected areas were designed to consider pelagic dynamics, characterized from time-series data on key oceanographic processes, together with data on the abundance of small pelagic fishes. We found that, to have the highest likelihood of reaching conservation targets, protected area selection should be based on time-specific data rather than data averaged across time. More generally, we argue that innovative methods are needed to conserve ephemeral and dynamic pelagic biodiversity. 相似文献
9.
Direct measurement of femtogram amounts of DNA in cells and chloroplasts by quantitative microspectrofluorometry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Absolute DNA amounts of individual chloroplasts were determined by measuring the fluorescence intensity of chloroplasts stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) relative to that of the bacterium Pediococcus damnosus (cerevisiae) smeared on the same slide. An absolute DNA content of 7.7 X 10(15) g for a standard P. damnosus cell type was calculated by comparing the relative fluorescence values and frequency of each stage of cellular development in a culture to the average DNA content of all cell types determined by chemical methods. Chlorophyll was extracted from the chloroplasts during fixation so that chlorophyll autofluorescence was not present when DAPI fluorescence was measured. Absolute amounts of DNA could then be determined for single chloroplasts, either within cells that were individually selected from a mixed cell population or in small preparations of isolated chloroplasts. The DNA amounts of chloroplasts from mesophyll cells determined in this way were similar to the values previously determined by bulk averaging methods. Chloroplast DNA amounts from different cell types of the leaf could be measured by microspectrofluorometry, and it was found that chloroplasts from spinach epidermal cells contained about half as much DNA as chloroplasts from adjacent mesophyll cells. 相似文献
10.
Establishing different types of conservation zones is becoming commonplace. However, spatial prioritization methods that can accommodate multiple zones are poorly understood in theory and application. It is typically assumed that management regulations across zones have differential levels of effectiveness (“zone effectiveness”) for biodiversity protection, but the influence of zone effectiveness on achieving conservation targets has not yet been explored. Here, we consider the zone effectiveness of three zones: permanent closure, partial protection, and open, for planning for the protection of five different marine habitats in the Vatu-i-Ra Seascape, Fiji. We explore the impact of differential zone effectiveness on the location and costs of conservation priorities. We assume that permanent closure zones are fully effective at protecting all habitats, open zones do not contribute towards the conservation targets and partial protection zones lie between these two extremes. We use four different estimates for zone effectiveness and three different estimates for zone cost of the partial protection zone. To enhance the practical utility of the approach, we also explore how much of each traditional fishing ground can remain open for fishing while still achieving conservation targets. Our results show that all of the high priority areas for permanent closure zones would not be a high priority when the zone effectiveness of the partial protection zone is equal to that of permanent closure zones. When differential zone effectiveness and costs are considered, the resulting marine protected area network consequently increases in size, with more area allocated to permanent closure zones to meet conservation targets. By distributing the loss of fishing opportunity equitably among local communities, we find that 84–88% of each traditional fishing ground can be left open while still meeting conservation targets. Finally, we summarize the steps for developing marine zoning that accounts for zone effectiveness. 相似文献