A study of the influence of the growth media on the fatty acid composition inCandida lipolytica diddens and lodder

Candida lipolytica YB 423-12 is able to incorporate fatty acid from the culture medium when lipids are used as carbon substrate. The composition of cell lipids is largely dependent on that of the culture medium. An important 9 desaturase activity acts on incorporated palmitic and stearic acids; and 11-eicosenoic and erucic acids are shortened to oleic acid.     

Intergeneric hybrids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces fermentati obtained by protoplast fusion

To obtain strains that are able to efficiently produce ethanol from different carbohydrates, mainly cellulose hydrolysates, several species of the genus Candida and a Zygosaccharomyces fermentati strain were examined for their ability to utilize cellobiose and produce ethanol, as well as for their thermotolerance and the possibility of genetic manipulation. Candida obtusa and Zygosaccharomyces fermentati tolerated the maximal temperature for growth, possessed the highest cellobiase activity, and offered the possibility of genetic manipulation, although neither of them proved to be a good producer of ethanol. Intergeneric hybrids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Z. fermentati were obtained after protoplast fusion. They were selected as prototrophic strains, after isolation of auxotrophic mutants from Z. fermentati and fusion with an S. cerevisiae strain which was also auxotrophic. The hybrids, which appeared at a frequency of 2 X 10(-7), presented characteristics of both parents, such as resistance to certain drugs and the ability to grow with either cellobiose or lactic acid as the sole carbon source; they were very stable, even under nonselective conditions. These hybrids may have important industrial applications as good fermenting strains.     

Purification and properties of the lipases from Rhodotorula pilimanae Hedrick and Burke

Summary The Rhodotorula pilimanae CBS 5804 strain secretes into the culture medium two lipases: their pH optima are 4 and 7. The two lipases were purified by precipitation with acetone followed by chromatography on SP-Sephadex C50 and Sephadex G200. The purification factors achieved in comparison with the supernatant culture were x74 for lipase I and x90 for lipase II. The molecular weights were estimated at 172,800 and 21,400 for lipase I and lipase II, respectively. Their activities are optimal between 45°C and 55°C. The activation energies were 5.9 kcal·mole^-1 for lipase I and 12.4 kcal·mole^-1 for lipase II. The inactivation energies were about 21.9 and 17.7 kcal·mole^-1 for lipase I and lipase II, respectively. The enzymes are slightly inhibited by Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mn²⁺, N-acetylacetone, acetic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate. EDTA did not affect their enzymatic activity. These two lipases are secreted in the culture media in the absence of inducer; their biosynthesis is not inhibited by glucose. These lipases hydrolyse primarily the 1-(or 3-)position of all triglycerides tested.     

Biocatalyzed octylglycoside synthesis from a disaccharide

By bringing lactose into contact with octanol in the presence of -galactosidase and almond meal with a -glucosidase activity, it is possible to simultaneously synthesize the octylglycosides corresponding to the two hexoses of the disaccharide. The reaction is optimized using an experimental plan.     

Morphological study on the human anterior cardiac veins, venae cordis anteriores.

The way in which the anterior cardiac veins end in the right atrium is very inconstant; separate opening is very rare and course and situation also changes a lot. We found the vein of Galen in about 90.59% of the cases and its ending differs from the usual. We found the anterior ventricular veins in about 91.45% of the cases; there is only one such vein in 57.00% of the cases, two in 33.64% and three in 9.34%; their origin and opening vary greatly. We saw the vein of Cruveilher in 68.37% of the cases, a lower percentage than that found by other authors. It also differs in its origin, course and opening. The vein of Zuckerkandl was found in 47.00% of the cases, lesser percentage than that found by other authors. The common canal is very important and very frequent in our cases. It opens into the right atrium by one orifice in 27.68% of the cases, by two in 63.93% and by three in 8.19%.     

Use of brevibacterium sp 19-derived amidase for the synthesis of hydroxamic fatty acids

Summary Oleylhydroxamic acid (Oleyl HA) was produced by acylation of neutralized hydroxylamine with oleic acid in buffered or in solvent media using the broad-spectrum amidase activity ofBrevibacterium (BB) sp 19 cells.     

Production of single-cell protein from palm oil usingCandida rugosa

Summary The possibility of growingCandida rugosa on palm oil to produce single-cell protein was studied. Optimal conditions were a pH of 4, T=34°C and with up to 10 g feedstock/l. Batch growth was sometimes showed diauxic. A growth yield of 0.8 g dry cells/g feedstock added and an efficiency close to 1 g dry cells/g feedstock used were obtained in batch. Continuous cultivation yielded between 0.8 and 1.0 g yeast dry cells/litre reactor/h depending upon the mean residence time. The lipid, amino acid, mineral and nucleic acid content of the produced yeast was determined.

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Production de protéine uni-cellulaire à partir d'huile de palme en utilisantCandida rugosa

Résumé La possibilité de faire croîtreC. rugosa sur huile de palme est étudiée en vue de la production de protéines uni-cellulaires. Les conditions environnementales optimum trouvées par l'expérimentation, sont les suivantes: pH=4, T=34°C, et jusqu'à 10 g/l de substrat. La croissance en batch révèle parfois le phénomène de diauxie. On obtient un rendement de croissance de 0,8 g de cellules sèches par g de substrat ajouté et une efficacité proche de 1 g de cellules sèches par g de substrat consommé. En culture continue, on obtient entre 0,8 et 1,0 g de cellules levuriennes sèches par litre de volume de réacteur et par heure. On a déterminé le contenu en lipides, acides aminés, matières minérales et acides nucléiques des levures produites.

     

Mitonuclear Coevolution,but not Nuclear Compensation,Drives Evolution of OXPHOS Complexes in Bivalves

In Metazoa, four out of five complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are formed by subunits encoded by both the mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nuDNA) genomes, leading to the expectation of mitonuclear coevolution. Previous studies have supported coadaptation of mitochondria-encoded (mtOXPHOS) and nuclear-encoded OXPHOS (nuOXPHOS) subunits, often specifically interpreted with regard to the “nuclear compensation hypothesis,” a specific form of mitonuclear coevolution where nuclear genes compensate for deleterious mitochondrial mutations due to less efficient mitochondrial selection. In this study, we analyzed patterns of sequence evolution of 79 OXPHOS subunits in 31 bivalve species, a taxon showing extraordinary mtDNA variability and including species with “doubly uniparental” mtDNA inheritance. Our data showed strong and clear signals of mitonuclear coevolution. NuOXPHOS subunits had concordant topologies with mtOXPHOS subunits, contrary to previous phylogenies based on nuclear genes lacking mt interactions. Evolutionary rates between mt and nuOXPHOS subunits were also highly correlated compared with non-OXPHO-interacting nuclear genes. Nuclear subunits of chimeric OXPHOS complexes (I, III, IV, and V) also had higher dN/dS ratios than Complex II, which is formed exclusively by nuDNA-encoded subunits. However, we did not find evidence of nuclear compensation: mitochondria-encoded subunits showed similar dN/dS ratios compared with nuclear-encoded subunits, contrary to most previously studied bilaterian animals. Moreover, no site-specific signals of compensatory positive selection were detected in nuOXPHOS genes. Our analyses extend the evidence for mitonuclear coevolution to a new taxonomic group, but we propose a reconsideration of the nuclear compensation hypothesis.     

The core of affects: namer and named in Bahia (Brazil)

This article is a study of personal naming using drawings made by secondary school students from two small towns in coastal Bahia (Brazil) of the persons who gave them their names. The article explores the relation between namer and named as one of continued identity created by imaginative processes of surrogation akin to pretend‐play. In early ontogeny, the person is constituted through a series of mutualities of being that come to constitute a core of affects. The article aims to contribute towards a better understanding of the processes of constitution of personhood in the context of human relatedness.