Disrupted phylogeographical microsatellite and chloroplast DNA patterns indicate a vicariance rather than long‐distance dispersal origin for the disjunct distribution of the Chilean endemic Dioscorea biloba (Dioscoreaceae) around the Atacama Desert

Aim The Chilean endemic Dioscorea biloba (Dioscoreaceae) is a dioecious geophyte that shows a remarkable 600 km north–south disjunction in the peripheral arid area of the Atacama Desert. Its restricted present‐day distribution and probable Neogene origin indicate that its populations have a history linked to that of the Atacama Desert, making this an ideal model species with which to investigate the biogeography of the region. Location Chile, Atacama Desert and peripheral arid area. Methods Two hundred and seventy‐five individuals from nine populations were genotyped for seven nuclear microsatellite loci, and plastid trnL–F and trnT–L sequences were obtained for a representative subset of these. Analyses included the estimation of genetic diversity and population structure through clustering, Bayesian and analysis of molecular variance analyses, and statistical parsimony networks of chloroplast haplotypes. Isolation by distance was tested against alternative dispersal hypotheses. Results Microsatellite markers revealed moderate to high levels of genetic diversity within populations, with those from the southern Limarí Valley showing the highest values and northern populations showing less exclusive alleles. Bayesian analysis of microsatellite data identified three genetic groups that corresponded to geographical ranges. Chloroplast phylogeography revealed no haplotypes shared between northern and southern ranges, and little haplotype sharing between the two neighbouring southern valleys. Dispersal models suggested the presence of extinct hypothetical populations between the southern and northern ranges. Main conclusions Our results are consistent with prolonged isolation of the northern and southern groups, mediated by the life‐history traits of the species. Significant isolation was revealed at both large and moderate distances as gene flow was not evident even between neighbouring valleys. Bayesian analyses of microsatellite and chloroplast haplotype diversity identified the southern area of Limarí as the probable area of origin of the species. Our data do not support recent dispersal of D. biloba from the southern range into Antofagasta, but indicate the fragmentation of an earlier wider range, concomitant with the Pliocene–Pleistocene climatic oscillations, with subsequent extinctions of the Atacama Desert populations and the divergence of the peripheral ones as a consequence of genetic drift.     

Kinetics of phenylalanine absorption by the rat intestine in vivo after distal resection

The kinetics of L-phenylalanine absorption across rat small intestine in sham and 50% distal resected animals, in vivo, have been studied by perfusing jejunal loops and monitoring the disappearance of the substrate from the perfusate. After 5 months postresection the total phenylalanine absorption was increased. The relationship between total absorption of substrate and its concentration in the bulk phase shows a non-saturable component and a saturable one that can be inhibited by methionine, both in control and remnant jejunum. The slope of the line that represents the non-saturable component is greater in remnant jejunum, indicating that the apparent mass-transfer coefficient, K'D, was increased by distal resection. The kinetic analysis of the saturable component shows that Jmax was unaltered and the apparent semisaturation constant, K'M, was slightly decreased by distal small intestine resection. Correction of the kinetic constant for the unstirred water layer effects shows that the differences between 'real' KD values of the two experimental groups increase whereas 'real' KM values do not change significantly. This indicates that the observed increase in total intestinal absorption in resected animals appears to result from an increase in the intestinal passive permeability.     

Substantivity of zinc salts used as rinsing solutions and their effect on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans

The antimicrobial efficacy of zinc (Zn) salts (sulfate and acetate) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) present in the oral cavity was tested in this study. The substantivity of Zn salts was assessed by determining the concentration of Zn in whole, unstimulated saliva and by measuring the magnitude of suppression of salivary S. mutans, 2h after rinsing. The concentration of Zn was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with electrothermal atomization (ET AAS) in saliva sampled before (basal) and 24h after mouth rinsing with different concentrations of Zn (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) administrated as sulfate and acetate. The estimation of Zn levels in samples collected 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after rinsing was carried out by AAS with flame atomization (FAAS). Immediately after rinsing, the concentration of Zn in saliva sharply increased with respect to the baseline values (0.055+/-0.017 mg/L), followed by a sustained decrease, probably due to clearance of salivary flow or swallowing during sampling. A significant reduction (>87%) in the total mean S. mutans counts was found 2h after rinsing either with sulfate or acetate solutions, as evidence of the high substantivity and effectiveness of the Zn salts tested. A statistically significant inverse relationship (p<0.001 and the Pearson correlation coefficients between -34% and -50%) was found between Zn levels and the respective pH values measured in the samples collected 60 and 120 min after rinsing, sustaining the theory of bacterial glycolysis inhibition.     

Theoretical calculation of partition coefficients of dimethoxypyrimidinylsalicylic acids

Despite their importance as herbicides, dimethoxypyrimidinylsalicylic acids has been poorly characterized from a physical-chemical point of view. This lack of information has prevented the assessment of their impact in the environment once they are released. In this study, environmentally important properties (free energy of solvation, Henry’s law constant, octanol/air, and octanol/water partition coefficients) of 39 dimethoxypyrimidinylsalicylic derived compounds are calculated by density functional theory (DFT) methods at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory using the Poisson-Boltzmann solvation model. These properties have not been reported previously for this family of compounds, neither experimentally or theoretically.     

Multilocus and morphological analysis of south-eastern Iberian Wall lizards (Squamata,Podarcis)

The phylogenetic relationships among the wall lizards of the Podarcis hispanicus complex that inhabit the south-east (SE) of the Iberian Peninsula and other lineages of the complex remain unclear. In this study, four mitochondrial and two nuclear markers were used to study genetic relationships within this complex. The phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA gene trees constructed with ML and BI, and a species tree using *BEAST support three divergent clades in this region: the Valencia, Galera and Albacete/Murcia lineages. These three lineages were also corroborated in species delimitation analyses based on mtDNA using bPTP, mPTP, GMYC, ABGD and BAPS. Bayesian inference species delimitation method (BPP) based on both nuclear data and a combined data set (mtDNA + nuclear) showed high posterior probabilities for these three SE lineages (≥0.94) and another Bayesian analysis (STACEY) based on combined data set recovered the same three groups in this region. Divergence time dating of the species tree provided an estimated divergence of the Galera lineage from the other SE group (Podarcis vaucheri, (Albacete/Murcia, Valencia)) at 12.48 Ma. During this period, the Betic–Rifian arc was isolated, which could have caused the isolation of the Galera form distributed to the south of the Betic Corridor. Although lizards from the Albacete/Murcia and Galera lineage are morphologically similar, they clearly represent distinct genetic lineages. The noteworthy separation of the Galera lineage enables us to conclude that this lineage must be considered as a new full species.     

Biological characterization of the lytic cycle of actinophage φA7 in Streptomyces antibioticus

Some basic parameters of the lytic development of phage phi A7 in Streptomyces antibioticus are described. One-step growth experiments demonstrated that at 28 degrees C phi A7 has a latent period of about 60 min and an exponential growth period of about 35 min. The average burst size ranged from 70-100 plaque forming units per infected cell. At the same temperature 50% of the virions were adsorbed to germ tubes of S. antibioticus in about 10 min. This corresponds to an adsorption constant of 6.5 x 10(-10) ml/min. The phage was unable to adsorb the host at other stages of the life cycle (spores or mycelium). Divalent cations are not required for phi A7 stability but Ca2+ proved to be essential for adsorption and also for a later stage of the vegetative development of the phage.     

Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 2-(aminoalkyl)-2,3,3a,8-tetrahydrodibenzo[c,f]isoxazolo[2,3-a]azepine derivatives: a novel series of 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonists. Part 2.

Following the programme started at Janssen Research Foundation searching for 5-HT(2A/2C) antagonists, we now report on the synthesis of a series of substituted 2-(Dimethylaminomethyl)-2,3,3a,8-tetrahydrodibenzo[c,f]isoxazolo[2,3-a]azepine derivatives. The 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C) and H(1) receptor affinities as well as the mCPP antagonistic activity of the compounds synthesised is described.     

Photosynthetic electron transport interaction of xanthorrhizol isolated from Iostephane heterophylla and its derivatives

A bioactivity-guided chemical study of Iostephane heterophylla (Asteraceae) led to the isolation of xanthorrhizol (1) as the compound that causes inhibition of ATP synthesis, H⁺-uptake and electron flow from water to methylviologen (basal, phosphorylating and uncoupled) in freshly lysed spinach chloroplasts, thus acting as an inhibitor of the Hill reaction. Acetyl (2), dihydro (3) and acetyl-dihydro (4) derivatives were synthesized. It was found that 4 was less active than 1 and 2 in ATP synthesis, whereas 3 was the most potent inhibitor of the Hill reaction and was also an inhibitor of H⁺-ATPase. Studies of the photosynthetic partial redox reactions from PQ to MV indicated that 1 partially inhibited the PQ pool, but that 3 did not. However, both inhibited the uncoupled electron transport in PSII from water to DCBQ. Uncoupled electron flow from water to silicomolybdate was completely inhibited by 3 and partially by 1. The reaction from DPC to DCPIP was inhibited by both 1 and 3. These results indicate that the inhibition site is located within PSII for 1 and 3 as was corroborated by fluorescence decay data.