Immunohistology of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors

DAKO quick staining kits were used to immunostainings for Epithelial Membrane Antigen (EMA) Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein (S-100) in 18 carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract classified according to Soga and Tazawa. EMA was always absent in carcinoid tumors, being at the same time present within glandular epithelium. 88% of cases showed positive immunostaining for NSE. S-100 immunostaining showed immunopositive stellate cells present within the tumor especially within type A carcinoids. In addition in one carcinoid tumor thick, strongly S-100 positive bundles were noticed at the periphery of nests of tumor cells. Combined immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies are needed to elucidate interrelation of neoplastic and neural elements within carcinoid tumorsa.     

Tricyclic Imipramine Modification of the Circadian Rhythms of Hypothalamic Serotonin, its Precursors and Acid Catabolite in Individually Housed Rats

Circadian rhythms of serotonin (5HT), its precursors tryptophan (TP) and 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5HTP) and its acid catabolite 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5HIAA), were determined in the hypothalamus of control rats and rats which had been treated continuously with subcutaneous imipramine (10 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks.

Rats were individually housed and entrained to LD12:12. Controls showed the 5HT and TP peaks in the light and dark periods respectively, as reported in the literature, but no inverted correlation (antiphase) between SHT and 5HIAA rhythms.

Imipramine significantly modified circadian rhythm characteristics: the 5HT acrophase was advanced, that of TP and 5HIAA was delayed. Imipramine also significantly increased hypothalamic SHT and TP concentrations.     

Chemical modification of essential carboxyl group and histidine residue in the plasma-membrane 5'-nucleotidase

An investigation, using specific chemical reagents, of the amino acids involved in the catalytic activity of the purified 5'-nucleotidase (5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.5) from bovine liver plasma membranes, was carried out. The enzyme was irreversibly inactivated by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). The inhibition kinetics were of the first-order type and decreased partially in the presence of nucleotides and divalent cations. These results indicate for the first time that a carboxyl group is essential for the catalytic process of 5'-nucleotidase. Moreover, chemical modification by diethylpyrocarbonate also produced inactivation of the enzyme and showed a differential spectrum with a peak at 240 nm characteristic of N-carbethoxyhistidine residues. This inactivation was efficiently released upon decarbethoxylation by hydroxylamine only when the extent of inactivation, due to low concentration of diethylpyrocarbonate, was limited. The time-dependent inactivation followed first-order kinetics and nucleotides afforded significant protection against diethylpyrocarbonate modification. The results indicate the involvement of the histidine residue in catalysis.     

Effects of cesium on in vitro myoblast differentiation: An electron microscopic study

Summary This paper describes the microscopic evidence supporting a cesium-induced delay in the fusion of chick embryo myoblast membranes during in vitro myogenic differentiation. We have recently demonstrated that the sharp decrease in the conductivity and permittivity of the membranes of these myogenic cells at the time of fusion is delayed 30 h by the addition of cesium to the culture medium (Santini et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 945:56–64; 1988). We report here that this delay in fusion is substantiated by direct microscopic observation and that cesium also induces ultrastructural changes in the myoblast cells themselves. Possible mechanisms by which cesium may cause both the delay in fusion as well as the ultrastructural changes observed are discussed. This investigation was partially supported by an Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche grant 85.00.304.02 (to P. L. I.).     

The sperm structure of the gall-midges Anaretella and Lestremia (Insecta, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

The sperm structure of some dipteran flies belonging to the Lestremiini tribe have been examined. Anaretella cincta was shown to have an axoneme made of 20-21 microtubular doublets, disposed in a circle in a cross section and surrounding a mitochondrion. Other crystal-containing mitochondria flank the axoneme; a second species (Anaretella sp.) was provided with 21-22 axonemal doublets. Lestremia is characterized by a flattened axoneme, consisting of about 150 doublets arranged in 2 antiparallel rows and surrounding a few mitochondria. These mitochondria, in Lestremia sp., have a crystalline core that is missing in Lestremia cinerea. The structure of microtubular doublets is quite similar in the 2 related genera and a derivation of the flattened axoneme found in Lestremia from that circular of Anaretella is suggested. Sperm structure suggests that Lestremia cinerea is not a uniform species.