全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2659篇 |
免费 | 247篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
2907篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 20篇 |
2022年 | 55篇 |
2021年 | 89篇 |
2020年 | 36篇 |
2019年 | 65篇 |
2018年 | 82篇 |
2017年 | 62篇 |
2016年 | 105篇 |
2015年 | 176篇 |
2014年 | 209篇 |
2013年 | 198篇 |
2012年 | 262篇 |
2011年 | 210篇 |
2010年 | 156篇 |
2009年 | 136篇 |
2008年 | 127篇 |
2007年 | 147篇 |
2006年 | 133篇 |
2005年 | 113篇 |
2004年 | 84篇 |
2003年 | 84篇 |
2002年 | 59篇 |
2001年 | 24篇 |
2000年 | 22篇 |
1999年 | 24篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 14篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 8篇 |
1970年 | 6篇 |
1960年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有2907条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
R Philipp J O McIntyre B H Robinson H Huth W Trommer S Fleischer 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》1984,790(3):251-258
Calcium efflux and EGTA-induced calcium release from an internal platelet membrane fraction have been studied after the oxalate-supported calcium uptake had reached steady state. Increasing external calcium concentrations stimulate the calcium efflux velocity, with an apparent half-maximal stimulation at about 5 microM outside calcium concentration and a maximal velocity of calcium efflux of 4.66 +/- 2.32 nmol X min-1 X mg-1. Moreover, the ratio of the liberated calcium on the loaded calcium seems to be independent of the increasing external calcium concentration. Increasing the calculated internal calcium concentration by varying the oxalate potassium concentration from 10 mM to 1 mM results in an increase of the liberated calcium from the membrane vesicles from 7.4% to 63%, respectively, without changing the calcium efflux velocity. Similar conclusions can be drawn from the observation of results from the calcium efflux and EGTA-induced calcium release methods. Moreover, calcium pump reversal does not seem to be responsible for the calcium efflux or calcium release. All these different points added to the previously described regulation of calcium efflux by the catalytic subunit of cAMP protein kinase suggest us that the mechanism of calcium liberation by the platelet membranes is different from the calcium uptake. 相似文献
2.
Tim Schwarting Philipp Lechler Johannes Struewer Marius Ambrock Thomas Manfred Frangen Steffen Ruchholtz Ewgeni Ziring Michael Frink 《PloS one》2015,10(2)
IntroductionSuccessful graft ingrowth following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is governed by complex biological processes at the tendon-bone interface. The aim of this study was to investigate in an in vitro study the effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) on tendon-bone integration.ResultsIn both models, positive effects of BMP-7 on ALP enzyme activity were observed (p<0.001). Additionally, similar results were noted for LDH activity and lactate concentration. BMP-7 stimulation led to a significant increase in OCN expression. Whereas the effects of BMP-7 on tendon monoculture peaked during an early phase of the experiment (p<0.001), the cocultures showed a maximal increase during the later stages (p<0.001). The histological analysis showed a stimulating effect of BMP-7 on extracellular matrix formation. Organized ossification zones and calcium carbonate-like structures were only observed in the BMP-stimulated cell cultures.DiscussionThis study showed the positive effects of BMP-7 on the biological process of tendon-bone integration in vitro. Histological signs of improved mineralization were paralleled by increased rates of osteoblast-specific protein levels in primary bovine osteoblasts and fibroblasts.ConclusionOur findings indicated a role for BMP-7 as an adjuvant therapeutic agent in the treatment of ligamentous injuries, and they emphasized the importance of the transdifferentiation process of tendinous fibroblasts at the tendon-bone interface. 相似文献
3.
4.
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell suspension cultures grew well when provided with glucose, fructose, sucrose or raffinose. Galactose and melibiose supported less growth unless supplemented with glucose or fructose. In combination with ten different sugar mixtures, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlc) inhibited culture growth. Inhibitory effects of dGlc were more marked with fructose, melibiose, raffinose or mixtures of these sugars in the culture medium. The presence of glucose or galactose reduced the inhibitory effects of dGlc on culture growth. Experiments with radioactive labelled sugars demonstrated that dGLc uptake was greater in the presence of fructose than glucose, and that growth inhibition of dGlc coincided with its uptake. Reduced protein content was also associated with the inhibitory effects of dGlc. Cultured cells contained lower levels of invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity during the active phase of culture growth (up to 25 days after subculture) than when growth had peaked and subsequently declined. Acid and alkaline invertase activities were not greatly reduced by exogenous hexoses. Invertase activity was greatest during periods of low protein content in all cultures and was inhibited by dGlc during the latter phases of the culture period. Free intracellular sugars throughout the culture period consisted mainly of glucose and fructose. 相似文献
5.
By comparing different activity data of the buffered cellulase solution before and after contact with the substrate the interaction between Penicillium janthinellum cellulase and wheat straw, resp. its components (holocellulose and isolated lignin) has been investigated. The loss of activity due to sorption or denaturation has been found to differ widely between the different activity data and between the various substrates. A remarkable loss of enzyme activity was observed after contact with isolated straw lignin. The differences in activity decrease between the cellulose and the lignin moiety were found to be largent with the cellobiase activity. 相似文献
6.
The developmental success of interspecific Lepomis hybrids is used as an index of gene regulatory divergence between the green sunfish, L. cyanellus, and each of three other parental species, longear sunfish, L. megalotis, warmouth, L. gulosus, and bluegill, L. macrochirus. This gene regulatory divergence is compared to the degree of structural gene divergence among these four species (genetic distance [Nei, '78], D, ranged from 0.206 to 0.586). The developmental success of the hybrid embryos at the level of morphogenesis was higher than expected from the genetic distance between the parental species. The rates of morphogenesis of the hybrid embryos were the same as that for the green sunfish embryos. The percentage of embryos that hatched was relatively high in all crosses. However, two of the hybrid crosses resulted in enhanced percentages of hatched embryos. Slight increases in the extent of morphological abnormalities were observed in hybrids from crosses between more distantly related parental species. The schedules and levels of enzyme locus expression of the hybrids, assessed spectrophotometrically and electrophoretically for nine enzyme systems (encoded in a total of 14 loci), were different from each other and from those of the green sunfish embryos. Alterations in the time of first enzyme appearance and in the time of first increase in enzyme activity in the developing hybrid embryos were not correlated with genetic distance between parental species. However, the extents of alteration of enzyme activities over the entire period of hybrid embryogenesis were correlated with the genetic distance. We attribute the morphological and molecular anomalies observed in the hybrids to gene regulatory incompatibilities between species. Although the exact number of mutational differences and their relative developmental impacts are not known, some inferences can be drawn about the degree of divergence in gene regulation between species. It appears that an uncoupling of the rates of structural and regulatory gene evolution can occur between species of some taxa, an observation that has implications for the roles of gene regulatory differences in organismic evolution. 相似文献
7.
H. Holzgreve A. Distler J. Michaelis T. Philipp S. Wellek 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1989,299(6704):881-886
OBJECTIVE--To compare the efficacy and tolerability of hydrochlorothiazide, sustained release verapamil, and their combination in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. DESIGN--Randomised multicentre trial of 48 weeks'' duration with a double blind comparison of hydrochlorothiazide and verapamil followed by an open trial of combined treatment for patients not achieving the target diastolic blood pressure (less than 90 mm Hg) during treatment with a single drug. SETTING--Outpatient departments in 10 clinics and 10 private practices of general practitioners or internists. PATIENTS--369 Hypertensive patients with a diastolic blood pressure of 95-120 mm Hg during a placebo run in period of two weeks. INTERVENTIONS--Initial treatment consisted of 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide (n = 187) or 120 mg sustained release verapamil (n = 182) once daily (regimen I). If the target diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg was not achieved within four weeks doses were increased to 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide or 240 mg verapamil once (regimen II) and twice daily (regimen III). Patients not achieving target blood pressure were given the combination of hydrochlorothiazide and verapamil--that is, 25 and 240 mg once (regimen IV) and twice daily (regimen V). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Blood pressure determined with a device permitting automatic repeated measurements with printouts. RESULTS--After eight weeks of treatment with a single drug 76 out of 178 (43%) and 101 out of 175 (58%) patients achieved the target blood pressure with hydrochlorothiazide and verapamil, respectively. During follow up until 48 weeks patients treated with verapamil reached the target blood pressure more often and at lower doses and were less likely to switch to combination treatment than patients randomised to hydrochlorothiazide treatment. Adding verapamil to hydrochlorothiazide was more effective than the addition of hydrochlorothiazide to verapamil. At the end of the study 42 out of 169 (25%) and 73 out of 163 (45%) patients initially randomised to hydrochlorothiazide and verapamil, respectively, were at target blood pressure without combination treatment. After adding verapamil to hydrochlorothiazide or hydrochlorothiazide to verapamil an additional 58 (34%) and 29 (18%) patients reached the target blood pressure, respectively. Altogether 92 out of 332 (28%) patients failed to achieve target blood pressure with regimen V. There were four, 10, seven, and seven withdrawals due to possible adverse effects to treatment with hydrochlorothiazide, verapamil, combining verapamil with hydrochlorothiazide, and combining hydrochlorothiazide with verapamil, respectively. CONCLUSIONS--In doses currently used in antihypertensive treatment verapamil was more effective than hydrochlorothiazide as a single agent and in combination in mild to moderate hypertension, whereas withdrawal rates caused by side effects possibly related to treatment were similar. 相似文献
8.
Jan-Wolfhard Kellmann Tatjana Kleinow Kerstin Engelhardt Christina Philipp Dorothee Wegener Jeff Schell Peter H. Schreier 《Plant molecular biology》1996,30(2):351-358
Two different genes encoding class II chitinases from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. NC4), A.h.Chi2;1 and A.h.Chi2;2, have been cloned. In peanut cell suspension cultures, mRNA levels of A.h.Chi2;2 increased after ethylene or salicylate treatment and in the presence of conidia from Botrytis cinerea. The second gene, A.h.Chi2;1, was only expressed after treatment with the fungal spores. Transgenic tobacco plants containing the complete peanut A.h.Chi2;1 gene exhibited essentially the same expression pattern in leaves as observed in peanut cell cultures. Expression characteristics of transgenic tobacco carrying a promoter-GUS fusion of A.h.Chi2;1 are described. 相似文献
9.
A Philipp A Schneider I V?srik K Finke Y Xiong D Beach K Alitalo M Eilers 《Molecular and cellular biology》1994,14(6):4032-4043
10.
In a chimeric, voltage-dependent K+ channel (CHM), the valine at position 369 and the leucine at position 374 interact within the pore or P-region to regulate ion permeation and block. Here we show that the point mutation, CHM V369L, abolished channel function whereas previous experiments showed that CHM V369 and CHM V369I are functional. Coinjection of "lethal" CHM V369L cRNA with CHM L374V cRNA but not CHM cRNA generated functional heteromultimers. The whole-cell Rb+/K+ conductance ratio was 2.98 +/- 0.43 for CHM L374V and was reduced to 0.87 +/- 0.04 for the coexpressed CHM V369L and CHM L374V subunits. When single-channel currents were recorded, a single class of CHM V369L/CHM L374V heteromultimers was identified. This class was readily distinguishable from CHM L374V homomultimers by K+ conductance, gating, and blockade by internal tetraethylammonium. Coinjection experiments at various RNA ratios suggest that the CHM V369L/CHM L374V heteromultime, assuming it to be a tetramer, was composed of three CHM L374V subunits and one CHM V369L subunit. It appears that in the critical P-region of CHM position 369 may tolerate only one leucine. 相似文献