Effect of anti-mosquito antibodies on the infectivity of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei to Anopheles farauti

The effect of mouse anti-mosquito antibodies, present in the bloodmeal, on the infectivity of Plasmodium berghei Vincke to Anopheles farauti Laveran was investigated. Significantly fewer oocysts developed in mosquitoes feeding on mice immunized with sugar-fed mosquito midgut antigens than in mosquitoes feeding on control mice. Mosquitoes feeding on mice immunized with the midgut antigens derived from sugar-fed mosquitoes also showed reduced mortality and had lower infection rates than those fed on unimmunized mice. Blood-fed midgut antigen was less effective in producing these effects than sugar-fed midgut antigen.     

Molecular biology of wound-inducible proteinase inhibitors in plants

Abstract. The techniques of molecular biology are being employed to investigate at the gene level the systemically mediated, wound-induced accumulation of two defensive proteinase inhibitor proteins in plant leaves. These techniques have added a new dimension to biochemical and physiological studies already underway to understand the mechanism of induction by wounding. The acquisition of cDNAs from the RNAs coding for the two inhibitors facilitated studies of mRNA synthesis in leaves in response to wounding, and provided probes to obtain wound-inducible proteinase inhibitor genes from tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) and potato (Solarium tuberosum) genomes. Successful transformations of tobacco plants with fused genes, containing the 5' and 3' regions of the inhibitor genes with the open reading frame of the chloramphenicol acelyltransferase ( cat ) gene, have provided a wound-inducible chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CATase) activity with which to seek cis- and transacting elements that regulate wound-inducibility to help to understand the interaction of cytoplasmic and nuclear components of the intracellular communication systems that activate the proteinase inhibitor genes in response to wounding by insect pests.     

Production of DON-related trichothecenes byFusarium graminearum Schw from Krasnodarski krai of the USSR

34Fusarium graminearum Schw isolates produced 4-deoxynivalenol to form significant amounts of 4, 7 — dideoxynivalenol and lesser amounts of 4 — deoxynivalenol monoacetates on grain substratesin vitro. This is the first report on the capability a large group of naturally occurring isolates to produce 4,7-dideoxynivalenol. The average levels of 4,7-dideoxynivalenol on rice, corn, barley, and wheat as a substrate were respectively 26.8, 14.0, 12.8, and 10.5% of the level of 4-deoxynivalenol. 4, 7 — dideoxynivalenol was present in all examined naturally contaminated wheat kernel samples at levels of 1.7 to 7.9% of the level of 4-deoxynivalenol. These findings suggest that more attention should be given to the occurrence of 4,7-dideoxynivalenol in cereals.     

正常大鼠肾脏细胞溶酶体膜的构成蛋白

溶酶体是细胞内对其吞噬之物质溶解及消化之主要场所,同时也是细胞自噬作用的主要细胞器。为了进一步了解此细胞器的功能与结构,我们采用免疫荧光标记法,通过5种针对大鼠肝细胞溶酶体膜蛋白的特异性单克隆抗体,对大鼠正常肾脏细胞溶酶体膜蛋白进行了标记,并通过NH_4Cl溶液对溶酶体作了膜膨胀处理,结果显示:(1)细胞内溶酶体膜蛋白是由多种蛋白所构成,其各种蛋白的含量是不同的;(2)所有溶酶体膜蛋白均表达于该细胞器之表面;(3)NH_4Cl溶液能有效地使溶酶体扩张,这将有和于进一步研究溶酶体的结构。     

Liverwort genomes display extensive structural variations

PIKE, L. M., HU, A., RENZAGLIA, K. S. & MUSICH, P. R., 1992. Liverwort genomes display extensive structural variations. Analyses of the total genomic DNA of eight species of liverworts and two species of green algae by thermal denaturation and CsCl buoyant density gradient centrifugation reveal a high degree of structural complexity and interspecific heterogeneity. The hepatic taxa exhibit two or more DNA components of varying base composition. Average G4-C contents of total cellular DNA calculated from melting profiles are similarly variable, ranging from 38% to 53% G + C. The green alga Chara , a member of the ancestral line to land plants, shows similarities with liverworts in possessing multiple DNA components of comparable complexity, whereas Hydrodiciyon DNA displays a single component. Detailed hybridization analyses of individual density gradient fractions using α-tubulin, rRNA and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) gene probes were performed to locate the low-copy number and moderately repetitive nuclear genes, and the chloroplast chromosome, respectively. The location of each gene within the density gradient is highly variable among the organisms examined; a-tubulin occurs in fractions ranging from 44–64% G + C, rDNA in 50–64% G + C fractions, and the RbcL gene is located in fractions from 30–59% G + C. For a given species, the two nuclear genes normally overlap in their distributions within the gradient. In most instances, neither gene occurs in the major DNA components, indicating that these components may contain repetitive DNAs. The observed variation in the density of the rbcL gene implies substantial reorganization of the chloroplast genome. The overall differences in the genomic components within and between taxa provide insight into the dynamics of DNA structure that have occurred during the extended evolutionary history of these organisms.     

库布齐沙漠南缘风沙-植被相互作用及其景观效应

干旱区尤其沙漠边缘地区的风沙与植被相互作用对塑造地表景观具有重要意义。选择库布齐沙漠南缘的油蒿灌丛地为研究区,开展了植被调查、风沙流观测和表层沉积物粒度采样测试,分析了顺风向植被盖度、风沙流结构与沉积物特征的沿程变化,探讨了风沙-植被相互作用及其对地表景观格局的影响。结果表明,风沙流与植被相互作用方式的改变使植物生长状况与地表蚀积模式发生变化,进而导致顺风向景观表现出明显的空间异质性。自上风向裸地过渡到均匀分布的新生油蒿和油蒿灌丛再至斑块状分布的灌丛沙堆,植被盖度与覆沙厚度先增大后减小,空气动力学粗糙度沿程不断增加且在过渡时其增幅最大,输沙率与沉积物粒度呈先减小后增大趋势,并在植被盖度与覆沙厚度最大处出现最小值。在沙漠边缘剥蚀高原上,起初适量风沙堆积促进油蒿定植与生长,均匀分布的油蒿灌丛进一步促进沙物质堆积,但当堆积厚度超过油蒿耐沙埋深度时发生退化,灌丛出现斑块状分布且风沙流在丘间地处侵蚀。据此,可理解为剥蚀高原风沙区景观异质性是风沙与植被相互协同与抑制作用的结果。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域生态系统服务权衡与协同关系研究

黄土高原植被恢复状况制约生态系统服务的提升,本研究依托中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所安塞国家科学野外观测站的基础土壤、植被、气象和水文等数据,在黄土丘陵沟壑区选取纸坊沟和坊塌2个典型小流域,通过购买1998、2008和2018年遥感影像,采用InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)模型对生态服务(碳储量、土壤保持量、生境质量和产水量)进行评估,探究植被恢复过程中生态系统服务的协同效应和权衡关系。通过对比得知：随着植被的恢复,坊塌和纸坊沟各生态服务(碳储量、土壤保持量、生境质量和产水量)均得到了大幅度的提升,其中2008—2018年增加幅度较小,而1998—2008年增加幅度较大,主要原因在于该阶段(1998—2008年)是退耕还林还草的初始10年,林地及草地面积增长较多,而后10年为退耕的延续阶段,退耕面积增长减缓。从1998—2018年,受自然因素和人为因素的影响,坊塌和纸坊沟流域生态系统服务表现出协同和权衡关系。对于坊塌流域,2008年生态系统服务主要表现为协同关系,1998、2018年以权衡关...     

不同污染程度下毛白杨叶表面PM2.5颗粒的数量及性质和叶片气孔形态的比较研究

选择了北京市环境PM_(2.5)浓度不同的两个采样点的毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr.)作为研究对象,利用环境扫描电镜及X-射线能谱仪对杨树叶片表面滞留的PM_(2.5)颗粒进行了观察、统计和成分分析,并研究了叶片气孔对环境颗粒物污染的适应性变化。结果表明:夏秋两季西直门叶片样品上下表面的PM_(2.5)数量均多于森林公园样品这说明环境PM_(2.5)浓度是影响叶片表面滞留颗粒物数量的主要原因;其中叶片上表面是滞留PM_(2.5)颗粒的主要区域。森林公园样品中PM_(2.5)颗粒性质比较单一,硅铝酸盐颗粒和石英颗粒占很大比例,二者的主要来源均为天然源,如土壤扬尘、矿物颗粒等;而西直门采样点叶片样品滞留的PM_(2.5)颗粒的元素组成更为复杂,其中50%以上的硅铝酸盐颗粒检测出了明显的铜、钾、氯、钠等元素的谱峰其来源主要是工业排放;西直门样品PM_(2.5)的含硫量高于森林公园样品,且夏季明显高于秋季。研究还发现有少数PM_(2.5)颗粒进入了毛白杨叶片的气孔而且不同污染程度下气孔的形态特征存在差异。与森林公园毛白杨叶片的气孔相比,西直门处的毛白杨叶片气孔的长度、宽度、面积和气孔密度均较小,说明较高的PM_(2.5)污染程度对毛白杨叶片的形态发育有一定影响。研究结果可以为揭示植物叶片阻滞、吸收大气颗粒污染物的机制、合理选择和优化城市绿化树种从而改善空气质量提供一定的科学理论依据。     

松嫩平原苏打盐渍土区不同潜水埋深下羊草的光合特征

通过人工控制地下水位模拟试验,研究了不同潜水埋深下羊草净光合速率和蒸腾速率。结果表明地下潜水埋深直接影响羊草的正常生理活动。潜水埋深在1.0—2.5m之间,潜水埋深越浅,羊草表现为净光合速率和蒸腾速率越高;随着潜水埋深的增加,羊草净光合速率和蒸腾速率减小,生理活动下降。不同月份羊草净光合速率和蒸腾速率与潜水埋深呈幂函数关系,不同时间羊草净光合速率和蒸腾速率与潜水埋深呈幂函数、指数函数和对数函数关系,相关系数均在0.90以上,因此可以用函数方程来估算不同潜水埋深下的羊草净光合速率和蒸腾速率。结果为松嫩平原苏打盐渍土区植被恢复与环境保护提供科学依据。