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排序方式: 共有125条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Ballard C Lana MM Theodoulou M Douglas S McShane R Jacoby R Kossakowski K Yu LM Juszczak E;Investigators DART AD 《PLoS medicine》2008,5(4):e76
Background
There have been increasing concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of neuroleptics in people with dementia, but there are very few long-term trials to inform clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of long-term treatment with neuroleptic agents upon global cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease.Methods and Findings
Design: Randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled parallel two-group treatment discontinuation trial.Setting: Oxfordshire, Newcastle and Gateshead, London and Edinburgh, United Kingdom.Participants: Patients currently prescribed the neuroleptics thioridazine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol trifluoperazine or risperidone for behavioural or psychiatric disturbance in dementia for at least 3 mo.Interventions: Continue neuroleptic treatment for 12 mo or switch to an identical placebo.Outcome measures: Primary outcome was total Severe Impairment Battery (SIB) score. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were evaluated with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI).Results: 165 patients were randomised (83 to continue treatment and 82 to placebo, i.e., discontinue treatment), of whom 128 (78%) commenced treatment (64 continue/64 placebo). Of those, 26 were lost to follow-up (13 per arm), resulting in 51 patients per arm analysed for the primary outcome. There was no significant difference between the continue treatment and placebo groups in the estimated mean change in SIB scores between baseline and 6 mo; estimated mean difference in deterioration (favouring placebo) −0.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] −6.4 to 5.5), adjusted for baseline value (p = 0.9). For neuropsychiatric symptoms, there was no significant difference between the continue treatment and placebo groups (n = 56 and 53, respectively) in the estimated mean change in NPI scores between baseline and 6 mo; estimated mean difference in deterioration (favouring continue treatment) −2.4 (95% CI −8.2 to 3.5), adjusted for baseline value (p = 0.4). Both results became more pronounced at 12 mo. There was some evidence to suggest that those patients with initial NPI ≥ 15 benefited on neuropsychiatric symptoms from continuing treatment.Conclusions
For most patients with AD, withdrawal of neuroleptics had no overall detrimental effect on functional and cognitive status. Neuroleptics may have some value in the maintenance treatment of more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms, but this benefit must be weighed against the side effects of therapy.Trial registration: Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials/National Research Register (#ISRCTN33368770). 相似文献2.
Background
Organisms are capable of developing different phenotypes by altering the genes they express. This phenotypic plasticity provides a means for species to respond effectively to environmental conditions. One of the most dramatic examples of phenotypic plasticity occurs in the highly social hymenopteran insects (ants, social bees, and social wasps), where distinct castes and sexes all arise from the same genes. To elucidate how variation in patterns of gene expression affects phenotypic variation, we conducted a study to simultaneously address the influence of developmental stage, sex, and caste on patterns of gene expression in Vespula wasps. Furthermore, we compared the patterns found in this species to those found in other taxa in order to investigate how variation in gene expression leads to phenotypic evolution. 相似文献3.
M A Handel J Papaconstantinou D P Allison E M Julku E T Chin 《Developmental biology》1973,35(2):240-249
During the mid to late 4th instar period of larval development, the mitochondria of Rhynchosciara spermatocytes undergo highly characteristic morphological changes. In late meiosis the enlarged mitochondria fuse to form a single mitochondrial element which will ultimately extend the length of the spermatid tail. Our studies have shown that synthesis of a circular DNA occurs during this period of mitochondrial “differentiation.” This DNA has a density of 1.681 g/cm3; and its synthesis cannot be detected in somatic tissues such as salivary gland, fat body, or gastric cecum. From analysis of DNA extracted from mitochondrial pellets, we have shown that the circular DNA is associated with the mitochondria. The contour length of the mitochondrial DNA is 9 μm, equivalent to a molecular weight of 18 × 106. Although most metazoan mitochondrial DNAs exhibit contour lengths of approximately 5 μm (10 × 105 daltons), there is no extractable 5 μm circular DNA in these spermatocytes. Therefore, we conclude that either Rhynchosciara spermatocytes possess a distinct 9 μm mitochondrial DNA or that the spermatocyte mitochondrial DNA represents dimers of 5 μm monomers. 相似文献
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AB Zarafi AM Emechebe AD Akpa O Alabi 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(4):261-268
Pearl millet downy mildew (DM) incidence, severity and yield losses of two pearl millet varieties (local and improved) due to the disease were determined in the field. Significant differences in the disease incidence and severity were recorded in the plots sown with metalaxyl-treated seeds and those sown with non-treated seeds, indicating the efficacy of the fungicide on the fungus. Yield losses due to non-treatment of seeds with metalaxyl was 40.88 and 45.39% in a local variety and 43.00 and 18.60% in an improved variety in the 2000 and 2001 cropping seasons respectively. Significant differences between plots sown with metalaxyl-treated and those sown with non-treated seeds were obtained for other yield components such as 1000-grains weight, panicle length and weight. 相似文献
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