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1.
In this paper the recent population changes of the Wild Boar in different European countries is analysed through the study of hunting statistics. A simultaneous increase in numbers is observed throughout the whole area during the period 1965–1975. From 1975 onwards the population stabilizes itself apart from in peripheral areas like Finland. Potentially favourable factors which play a part in this process are discussed and certain reproductive and dispersive characteristics which favour its invasive behaviour are discussed.  相似文献   
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Exact mechanisms of autoimmune disease development are still yet unknown. However, it is known that the development of autoimmune diseases is associated with defects in the immune system, namely, the violation of the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiation profiles. Different characteristics of autoimmune reaction development in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) prone Th mice characterizing T-lymphocytes response were analyzed using standard approaches. Profiles of several HSCs differentiation of bone marrow (BFU-E, CFU-E, CFU-GM, CFU-GEMM, T- and B-lymphocytes) of Th male and female mice during spontaneous development of EAE were noticeably different. Patterns of total lymphocytes, B- and T-cells proliferation in several different organs (bone marrow, blood, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes) were also remarkably different. In addition, there were in time noticeable differences in their changes for some organs of male and female mice. Characters of changes in the profiles of CD4 and CD8 cells proliferation in some organs not always coincide with those for total T lymphocytes. The changes in the differentiation profiles of HSCs and the level of lymphocytes proliferation in the bone marrow and other organs were associated with the increase in the concentration of antibodies against DNA, myelin basic protein, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and catalytic antibodies hydrolyzing these substrates. Despite some differences in changes in the analyzed parameters, in general, the spontaneous development of EAE in male and female mice occurs to some extent in a comparable way.

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The genetic diversity of common wheat hybrid lines Triticum aestivum/Triticum durum and Triticum aestivum/Triticum dicoccum (2n = 42, F6–7) using chromosome-specific microsatellite (SSR) markers and C-banding of chromosomes was studied. Cluster analysis of data obtained by 42 SSR markers indicated that the hybrid lines can be broken into three groups according to their origin. There were two cases of complete genetic similarity between lines 1832-2/1841-6 and 208-3/213-1, which were obtained using common wheat as the parental plants. In cross combinations, when the stabilization of the nuclear genome of hexaploid lines occurred against a background of the cytoplasmic genome of tetraploid wheats, there was a high level of divergence between sister lines, in some cases exceeding 50%. The evaluation of the degree of susceptibility of the lines to powdery mildew, leaf and stem rust, and septoria leaf blotch was performed under different environmental conditions. It was shown that resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust significantly depended on the region where assays were conducted. An evaluation of the field data showed that the lines 195-3, 196-1, and 221-1 with T. durum genetic material displayed complex resistance to fungal pathogens in Western Siberia and the Republic of Belarus. For lines 195-3 and 196-1, one shows a possible contribution of chromosomes 4B and 5B in the formation of complex resistance to diseases. Hybrid lines with complex resistance can be used to expand the genetic diversity of modern common wheat cultivars for genes of immunity.  相似文献   
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Journal of Ichthyology - A new species Melanostigma thalassium sp. n. is described from the underwater Walvis Ridge (Southeast Atlantic Ocean). This species differs from the other species of the...  相似文献   
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Catalytically active antibodies (abzymes) hydrolyzing proteins, polysaccharides, ATP, DNA, and RNA have been detected in the sera of patients with various autoimmune and some viral diseases, but abzymes from the sera of animals are practically unstudied. The development of lupus-like autoimmune disease of MRL/MpJ-lpr mice is an experimental model for study of autoimmune pathologies and immunopathogenesis. In this work, homogeneous IgG preparations were isolated from the sera of MRL/MpJ-lpr mice. These antibodies (Abs), their Fab-fragments, and isolated light chains were shown to possess catalytic activity in DNA hydrolysis, whereas Abs from the sera of control healthy mice did not hydrolyze DNA. The data demonstrate that DNA hydrolyzing activity is an intrinsic property of Abs from MRL/MpJ-lpr mice. It was shown that various markers of autoimmune pathologies (level of total protein concentration in urea (proteinuria), Abs titers to native and denatured DNA, and DNA-hydrolyzing activity of IgG) increased in animals with aging, but they noticeably increased (2-22 times) only after appearance of obvious indicators of pathology independently of age. The highest increase in proteinuria (25-fold), anti-DNA Abs titers (12-19-fold), and abzyme activity (120-fold) was found in mice after their immunization with DNA–protein complex.  相似文献   
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Gene expression profiling demonstrated that components of the cholinergic system, including choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), are expressed in embryonic stem cells and differentiating embryoid bodies (EBs). Triggering of nAChRs expressed in EBs by nicotine resulted in activation of MAPK and shifts of spontaneous differentiation toward hemangioblast. In vivo, non-neural nAChRs are detected early during development in fetal sites of hematopoiesis. Similarly, in vivo exposure of the developing embryo to nicotine resulted in higher numbers of hematopoietic progenitors in fetal liver. However postpartum, the number of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) was decreased, suggesting an impaired colonization of the fetal bone marrow with HSPCs. This correlated with increased number of circulating HSPC and decreased expression of CXCR4 that mediates migration of circulating cells into the bone marrow regulatory niche. In addition, protein microarrays demonstrated that nicotine changed the profile of cytokines produced in the niche. While the levels of IL1alpha, IL1beta, IL2, IL9 and IL10 were not changed, the production of hematopoiesis-supportive cytokines including G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL3, IL6 and IGFBP-3 was decreased. This correlated with the decreased repopulating ability of HSPC in vivo and diminished hematopoietic activity in bone marrow cultures treated with nicotine. Interestingly, nicotine stimulated the production of IL4 and IL5, implying a possible role of the cholinergic system in pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Our data provide evidence that the nicotine-induced imbalance of the cholinergic system during gestation interferes with normal development and provides the basis for negative health outcomes postpartum in active and passive smokers.  相似文献   
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It has been shown for the first time that polyclonal IgG abzymes (Abzs) with DNase activity from the sera of autoimmune‐prone MRL/MpJ‐lpr mice can be separated by isoelectric focusing into many subfractions having the isoelectric points (pI) from 4.5 to 9, with the maximal activity for Abzs with pI = 6.5–9.0. Affinity chromatography on DNA‐cellulose separated DNase IgGs into many subfractions demonstrating a range of affinities for DNA and different levels of the relative DNase activities (RDA) due to intrinsically bound metals and after addition of external Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, and Mg2++Ca2+. Some fractions significantly increase RDAs in the presence of external ions (Mg2++Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Ca2+), while each of this cofactor can also inhibit or have no influence on the RDAs of another fractions. It is known that complexes of DNA with histones and other proteins of apoptotic cells are the primary immunogens in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and methylated BSA (mBSA) increase the RDAs of only some fractions, while have no effect or inhibit other IgG fractions. The ratio of the RDAs in the presence of all metal ions, BSA, and mBSA was individual for every abzyme fraction. Mn2+ and Ca2+ stimulated accumulation of only relaxed form of supercoiled DNA (scDNA) in the case of all subfractions, while in the presence of Mg2+ antibodies (Abs) of some subfractions (and in the presence of Mn2+ +Ca2+ all subfractions) produced relaxed DNA (rDNA) and linear DNA (linDNA) in a variable extent. The data obtained show that the polyclonal Abzs of mice may be a cocktail of Abs directly to DNA, RNA, and their complexes with proteins and anti‐idiotypic Abs to active centers of different nucleases. The diversity of the physicochemical and kinetic characteristics of the Abzs seems to be significantly widened when pre‐diseased mice spontaneously develop the disease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
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Phage display was used to obtain peptides mimicking a HIV-1 gp41 conserved epitope recognized by virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) 2F5. Rabbits and mice were immunized with the peptides exposed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophages. Antibodies to gp41 were detected in the sera of immunized animals. The virus-neutralizing activity of the sera was examined.  相似文献   
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