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The evolutionary origin of the pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses)
is still uncertain. Most authors support a hypothesis of a monophyletic
origin of the pinnipeds from a caniform carnivore. A minority view suggests
a diphyletic origin with true seals being related to the mustelids (otters
and ferrets). The phylogenetic relationships of the walrus to other
pinniped and carnivore families are also still particularly problematic.
Here we examined the relative support for mono- and diphyletic hypotheses
using DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial small subunit (12S) rRNA and
cytochrome b genes. We first analyzed a small group of taxa representing
the three pinniped families (Phocidae, Otariidae, and Odobenidae) and
caniform carnivore families thought to be related to them. We inferred
phylogenetic reconstructions from DNA sequence data using standard
parsimony and neighbor-joining algorithms for phylogenetic inference as
well as a new method called spectral analysis (Hendy and Penny) in which
phylogenetic information is displayed independently of any selected tree.
We identified and compensated for potential sources of error known to lead
to selection of incorrect phylogenetic trees. These include sampling error,
unequal evolutionary rates on lineages, unequal nucleotide composition
among lineages, unequal rates of change at different sites, and
inappropriate tree selection criteria. To correct for these errors, we
performed additional transformations of the observed substitution patterns
in the sequence data, applied more stringent structural constraints to the
analyses, and included several additional taxa to help resolve long,
unbranched lineages in the tree. We find that there is strong support for a
monophyletic origin of the pinnipeds from within the caniform carnivores,
close to the bear/raccoon/panda radiation. Evidence for a diphyletic origin
was very weak and can be partially attributed to unequal nucleotide
compositions among the taxa analyzed. Subsequently, there is slightly more
evidence for grouping the walrus with the eared seals versus the true
seals. A more conservative interpretation, however, is that the walrus is
an early, but not the first, independent divergence from the common
pinniped ancestor.
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The spider mite Tetranychus evansi has a broad range of host plants. Control of T. evansi has been a big challenge to tomato farmers due to its fast rate of reproduction, development of resistance to chemical pesticides
and its ability to use weeds as alternative hosts when the tomato plants are not available. The aim of the current study was
to determine the host plant acceptance and the relative contributions of trichomes in the control of the red spider mite by
comparing the survival, development and oviposition rates of the red spider mite on eight tomato accessions. Leaflets from
eight tomato varieties were assayed with the spider mites to determine the egg laying capacity and developmental time of the
spider mites on the tomato accessions as well as the trichome densities. Densities of trichome types I, IV, V and VI varied
among the tomato accessions. Variation in types I, IV and VI accounted for most of the variation in mite responses. The varieties
with high densities of types IV and VI had the highest fecundity and mite development did not go beyond the larval stage.
The developmental time varied significantly among the tomato accessions. The results indicated that the higher the density
of trichome type I the lower the adult survival. The findings indicated possible resistance of some of the tested tomato accessions
against T. evansi which is partially associated with trichomes types and density. 相似文献
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Stuart A Suttie Alan GK Li Martha Quinn Kenneth GM Park 《World journal of surgical oncology》2007,5(1):1-9
Background
Caveolin-1 is thought to have an important impact on both signal transduction and mediation of intracellular processes. Furthermore, it has been suggested that Caveolin-1 may contribute to certain steps of carcinogenesis in various types of cancer. We examined the potential clinical relevance of Caveolin-1 in normal, benign and malignant breast tissue specimens.Methods
Using tissue microarray (TMA) technology cases of invasive breast cancer, DCIS, benign breast disease (i.e. fibroadenoma, sclerosing adenosis, ductal hyperplasia and radial scar) and normal breast tissue were evaluated for Caveolin-1 expression. Immunohistochemical staining with an anti-Caveolin-1-antibody was performed. Staining intensity was quantified semiquantitatively. In invasive lesions staining results were correlated with clinical and pathological data.Results
No Caveolin-1 expression was observed in epithelial cells of normal breast tissue (n = 5), benign breast disease (n = 295) and DCIS (n = 108). However, Caveolin-1 expression was found in 32 of 109 cases of invasive breast carcinomas (29.4%). Caveolin-1 expression in invasive breast cancer could neither be correlated with survival parameters such as overall or disease-free survival nor with established clinical and pathological markers.Conclusion
In this study we demonstrated expression of Caveolin-1 in one third of invasive breast cancers. A significant increase in Caveolin-1 expression was observed comparing invasive breast cancer to both benign breast tissue and non-invasive breast cancer. Since inhibitors of Caveolin-1 signalling are available, targeting Caveolin-1 in breast cancer may represent a potential option for future breast cancer treatment. 相似文献7.
NaCl-preferring NZB/B1NJ mice and NaCl-avoiding CBA/J mice have similar amiloride inhibition of chorda tympani responses to NaCl 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Integrated chorda tympani nerve responses to NaCl were studied in two mouse
strains, an NaCl-preferring NZB/B1NJ and an NaCl-avoiding CBA/J. The NaCl
responses of both strains had similar magnitude and were suppressed by
amiloride to a similar extent. This suggests that peripheral gustatory
responsiveness to NaCl is not the only mechanism underlying mouse strain
variation in NaCl acceptance.
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The secondary intracellular target of human neutrophil peptide-1 has been examined in M. tuberculosis H37Ra. Binding studies with radioiodinated HNP-1 revealed biphasic equilibrium binding kinetics with respect to time. The major
site of HNP-1 binding was found to be plasma membrane/cell wall whereas the cytosol appears to be a secondary site. Among
the different macromolecules examined, maximum inhibition (75%) was observed in DNA biosynthesis during treatment with HNP-1.
The interaction of HNP-1 with mycobacterial genomic DNA on the basis of gel retardation assay revealed HNP-1 binding to DNA.
These results indicate that HNP-1 has DNA as the secondary intracellular target for antibacterial action against mycobacteria.
Received: 25 October 2000/Accepted: 10 January 2001 相似文献
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To evaluate breastfed infants' responses to scented objects, we videotaped
the facial and bodily reactions of sixty-three infants as they explored, in
succession, three toys that were identical in appearance but different in
their characteristic odor. Two of the toys were scented with odorants
previously shown to be transmitted to human milk, one with ethanol and the
other with vanilla, whereas the third toy was unscented. Each videotape was
subjected to frame-by-frame analysis to measure a variety of behaviors that
are considered either to be exploratory in nature in that they lead to
perceptual information about the object or to reflect the infants' hedonic
reaction. Analyses of these behaviors revealed that the infants looked more
and vocalized less in the presence of the vanilla-scented toy and spent
less time manipulating the ethanol-scented toy when compared with the
unscented toy. Moreover, differential exposure to the odors of ethanol and
vanilla, as indicated by differential consumption of alcohol by a parent or
use of vanilla-scented product by the mother, was related to differential
responses to these odors. These findings suggest that human infants are
able to detect and retain information about the chemical features of their
environment.
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Uttam M. Pal Anil Vishnu GK Manoj Varma Jayant S. Vaidya Hardik J. Pandya 《Journal of biophotonics》2021,14(8):e202100041
The histopathological diagnosis of cancer is the current gold standard to differentiate normal from cancerous tissues. We propose a portable platform prototype to characterize the tissue's thermal and optical properties, and their inter-dependencies to potentially aid the pathologist in making an informed decision. The measurements were performed on 10 samples from five subjects, where the cancerous and adjacent normal were extracted from the same patient. It was observed that thermal conductivity (k) and reduced-scattering-coefficient (μ's) for both the cancerous and normal tissues reduced with the rise in tissue temperature. Comparing cancerous and adjacent normal tissue, the difference in k and μ's (at 940 nm) were statistically significant (p = 7.94e-3), while combining k and μ's achieved the highest statistical significance (6.74e-4). These preliminary results promise and support testing on a large number of samples for rapidly differentiating cancerous from adjacent normal tissues. 相似文献