中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）4个种群的同工酶遗传变异

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术分析了中国对虾（Penaeuschinensis）黄渤海沿岸种群（YP）、朝鲜半岛西海岸种群（KP）和2个养殖种群（CP1和CP2）的同工酶遗传变异水平。每个种群随机选取50尾中国对虾进行同工酶检测。在所分析的12种同工酶编码的20个基因位点中,有4个是多态位点。4个种群的多态位点比例（P0.99）分别为15%、20%、10%和20%。种群平均杂合度（观测值）（Ho）分别为0.014±0.007、0.020±0.010、0.010±0.007和0.033±0.017。4个种群的位点有效等位基因数（Ne）分别为1.015±0.008、1.023±0.011、1.011±0.007和1.042±0.022。杂合子平衡偏离指数（D）分别为+0.037、-0.030、-0.098和-0.030。2个地理种群（YP和KP）的遗传相似性系数（I）和遗传距离（D     

Evaluating Operational Specifications of Point-of-Care Diagnostic Tests: A Standardized Scorecard

The expansion of HIV antiretroviral therapy into decentralized rural settings will increasingly require simple point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests that can be used without laboratory infrastructure and technical skills. New POC test devices are becoming available but decisions around which technologies to deploy may be biased without systematic assessment of their suitability for decentralized healthcare settings. To address this, we developed a standardized, quantitative scorecard tool to objectively evaluate the operational characteristics of POC diagnostic devices. The tool scores devices on a scale of 1–5 across 30 weighted characteristics such as ease of use, quality control, electrical requirements, shelf life, portability, cost and service, and provides a cumulative score that ranks products against a set of ideal POC characteristics. The scorecard was tested on 19 devices for POC CD4 T-lymphocyte cell counting, clinical chemistry or hematology testing. Single and multi-parameter devices were assessed in each of test categories. The scores across all devices ranged from 2.78 to 4.40 out of 5. The tool effectively ranked devices within each category (p<0.01) except the CD4 and multi-parameter hematology products. The tool also enabled comparison of different characteristics between products. Agreement across the four scorers for each product was high (intra-class correlation >0.80; p<0.001). Use of this tool enables the systematic evaluation of diagnostic tests to facilitate product selection and investment in appropriate technology. It is particularly relevant for countries and testing programs considering the adoption of new POC diagnostic tests.     

Microbial Community in Black Rust Exposed to Hot Ridge Flank Crustal Fluids

During Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301, we obtained a sample of black rust from a circulation obviation retrofit kit (CORK) observatory at a borehole on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge. Due to overpressure, the CORK had failed to seal the borehole. Hot fluids from oceanic crust had discharged to the overlying bottom seawater and resulted in the formation of black rust analogous to a hydrothermal chimney deposit. Both culture-dependent and culture-independent analyses indicated that the black-rust-associated community differed from communities reported from other microbial habitats, including hydrothermal vents at seafloor spreading centers, while it shared phylotypes with communities previously detected in crustal fluids from the same borehole. The most frequently retrieved sequences of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes were related to the genera Ammonifex and Methanothermococcus, respectively. Most phylotypes, including phylotypes previously detected in crustal fluids, were isolated in pure culture, and their metabolic traits were determined. Quantification of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrAB) genes, together with stable sulfur isotopic and electron microscopic analyses, strongly suggested the prevalence of sulfate reduction, potentially by the Ammonifex group of bacteria. Stable carbon isotopic analyses suggested that the bulk of the microbial community was trophically reliant upon photosynthesis-derived organic matter. This report provides important insights into the phylogenetic, physiological, and trophic characteristics of subseafloor microbial ecosystems in warm ridge flank crusts.     

渤海中、南部大型底栖动物物种多样性的研究

以1997年 6月、1998年9月和1999年4月共3个航次,覆盖渤海中、南部大部分海区的大型底栖动物丰度、生物量和生产力的研究为基础,进一步对其物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明：研究海域的大型底栖动物物种多样性没有明显的平面分布规律;物种多样性指数与沉积物因子的相关性高于其与底层水因子的相关性;沉积物中污染物含量的确会对大型底栖动物的多样性造成影响。通过对3个航次中3个相同站位的比较,发现不同年份之3个季节的平均Shannon Wiener指数无显著差异（P>0.05）;而1998年9月和1999年4月2个航次中20个相同站位的平均Shannon Wiener指数同样也未表现出明显的差异（P>0.05）。此外,渤海的物种数量要明显地高于胶州湾。     

中国人前列腺癌VEGF-C mRNA、VEGFR-3和CD31表达与肿瘤转移的关系

研究前列腺癌组织VEGF-C mRNA、VEGFR-3和CD31的表达与前列腺癌中血管、淋巴管的生成及肿瘤转移的关系。取34例前列腺癌组织和12例癌周正常组织标本,应用原位杂交法检测VEGF-C mRNA表达,并经VEGFR-3和CD31免疫组织化学标记及图像分析,采用Weidner最高血管密度计数法,计数癌组织中阳性淋巴管数(MLC)和微血管密度(MVD)。前列腺癌VEGF-C mRNA阳性15例(44.12%),VEGF-C mRNA表达与前列腺癌淋巴结转移、TNM分期相关;MLC (8.26±2.73/mm~2)和MVD(74.82±11.76/mm~2)显著高于癌周正常组织的MLC(4.82±3.48/mm~2)和MVD(32.86±5.41/mm~2),两者比较具有显著性差异。VEGFR-3和CD31表达之间存在正相关。有淋巴转移和TNM分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ期的前列腺癌患者VEGF-C mRNA阳性表达和MLC、MVD分别高于无淋巴转移和Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者,均具有显著性差异;VEGF-C mRNA表达阳性者VEGFR-3和CD31高于表达阴性者,两者比较具有显著性差异;前列腺癌在不同的组织学分级的差异无统计学意义。VEGF-C促进了肿瘤诱导的淋巴管新生和血管新生,在前列腺癌的淋巴转移中起重要作用;前列腺癌组织中的VEGFR-3和CD31表达水平与肿瘤的转移密切相关;前列腺癌组织MLC和MVD的显著增高,提示肿瘤组织有新淋巴管和血管的生成,也可作为判断肿瘤转移的生物学指标。     

Renal cell culture using autopsy material from children with cystinosis

Summary Renal cell cultures were initiated using fresh autopsy material from two individuals with cystinosis, ages 5 and 8 yr. Cells obtained from collagenase treated autopsy material were grown in a selective kidney medium containing Coon's modified F12, 2.5% fetal bovine serum, transferrin, insulin, selenium, hydrocortisone, PGE₁, and fibronectin. These cells had an epithelial appearance, formed domes, and were periodic acid-Schiff positive. Both tight junctions and microvilli were seen by electron microscopy. Fibroblasts had a cloning efficiency of zero in the selective medium and grew poorly compared to their growth in Coon's F12 with 10% fetal bovine serum. The lysosomal cystine content of the renal cells was greatly elevated and comparable to that of fibroblasts from cystinotic patients. Renal cell lysosomal cystine levels were only partially reduced by exposure to either pantethine or the aminothiol, cysteamine. However, exposure to either compound effectively depleted cystinotic cultured fibroblasts of their lysosomal cystine. Study of cultured renal material may have practical significance in pharmacologic considerations. This work was supported by Grants AM 01074-01, AM 18434, and GM 17702 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.     

组蛋白的生物素酰化修饰

组蛋白修饰对基因表达的表观遗传学调控起着重要作用。组蛋白生物素酰化修饰是近年来新发现的一种组蛋白修饰,具有重要的生物学功能。有证据表明组蛋白生物素酰化在细胞增殖、DNA修复、维持基因组稳定等方面发挥作用。组蛋白的生物素酰化修饰是由羧化全酶合成酶与组蛋白直接相互作用的结果。本文主要介绍了组蛋白生物素酰化发现的过程,并对近年来在组蛋白生物素酰化催化机制和组蛋白生物素酰化功能方面的研究进展进行了综述,最后对组蛋白生物素酰化研究领域存在的问题进行了探讨。     

南沙群岛邻近海区春夏季浮游植物多样性研究

1999年春季和夏季对南沙海区网采浮游植物分布与多样性进行了调查。 1999年春季渚碧礁湖观测站及春、夏季大面站的浮游植物细胞数量平均值分别为 2 .4 9× 10 4cells/m3 、0 .73× 10 4cells/m3 和 1.0 3× 10 4cells/m3 。1999年春季在渚碧礁湖共采到浮游植物 2 6属 5 1种 ,大面站 31属 10 9种 ;夏季大面站共检出 38属 172种。海区大面站春季、夏季浮游植物Shannon Wiener多样性指数平均值分别为 4 .35和 4 .0 1;春季渚碧礁浮游植物多样性指数为 2 .92 ,低于外部开阔海域。南沙海区浮游植物的分布与水文、营养盐、浮游动物的摄食等均有一定的关系     

闽南第四纪晚期沉积硅藻组合与古环境研究

对闽南泉州湾外台湾海峡西部756柱状剖面和厦门岛GT剖面岩心进行系统的硅藻分析研究,获得硅藻161种和变种。根据剖面硅藻组合特征变化,结合聚类分析和最优分割的计算机运算结果,756柱状剖面自下而上可以划分为5个硅藻带,GT剖面自下而上可以划分为6个硅藻带。根据硅藻组合序列,探讨其第四纪晚期古环境的演变。     

Systemically Administered IgG Anti-Toxin Antibodies Protect the Colonic Mucosa during Infection with Clostridium difficile in the Piglet Model

The use of anti-toxin human monoclonal antibodies (HMab) as treatment for C. difficile infection has been investigated in animal models and human clinical trials as an alternative to or in combination with traditional antibiotic therapy. While HMab therapy appears to be a promising option, how systemically administered IgG antibodies protect the colonic mucosa during Clostridium difficile infection is unknown. Using the gnotobiotic piglet model of Clostridium difficile infection, we administered a mixture of anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB HMabs systemically to piglets infected with either pathogenic or non-pathogenic C. difficile strains. The HMabs were present throughout the small and large intestinal tissue of both groups, but significant HMabs were present in the lumen of the large intestines only in the pathogenic strain-infected group. Similarly, HMabs measured in the large intestine over a period of 2–4 days following antibody administration were not significantly different over time in the gut mucosa among the groups, but concentrations in the lumen of the large intestine were again consistently higher in the pathogenic strain-infected group. These results indicate that systemically administered HMab IgG reaches the gut mucosa during the course of CDI, protecting the host against systemic intoxication, and that leakage through the damaged colon likely protects the mucosa from further damage, allowing initiation of repair and recovery.