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Mzilahowa T Ball AJ Bass C Morgan JC Nyoni B Steen K Donnelly MJ Wilding CS 《Medical and veterinary entomology》2008,22(3):258-263
Abstract. Bioassays for insecticide resistance in adult mosquitoes were conducted on samples of Anopheles gambiae Giles s.l . (Diptera: Culicidae) species collected as larvae from breeding sites in the lower Shire Valley, Malawi. The results indicate full susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin and malathion, but reduced susceptibility to DDT in one sample from Thom (LT50 of 8.39 min for females and 25.09 min for males). Polymerase chain reaction-based species identification of the mosquitoes assayed revealed a mixture of Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Anopheles quadriannulatus (Theobold). The LT50 did not differ significantly between species. Genotyping of the L1014F and L1014S kdr alleles showed all mosquito specimens to be homozygous wild type; thus the reduced susceptibility detected is not attributable to target site insensitivity and instead is likely to be metabolic in nature. Anopheles quadriannulatus is characteristically zoophagic and exophilic. Indeed, of 82 Anopheles collected through knockdown collections within dwellings, only one was An. quadriannulatus and the rest were An. arabiensis . They are unlikely, therefore, to have been exposed to selection pressure arising from insecticide-treated net usage or to DDT indoor residual spraying. Therefore, it is suggested that this example of reduced susceptibility to DDT in An. quadriannulatus reflects selection in the larval stages. 相似文献
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Sydney Rosen Mhairi Maskew Matthew P. Fox Cynthia Nyoni Constance Mongwenyana Given Malete Ian Sanne Dorah Bokaba Celeste Sauls Julia Rohr Lawrence Long 《PLoS medicine》2016,13(5)
BackgroundHigh rates of patient attrition from care between HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation have been documented in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to persistently low CD4 cell counts at treatment initiation. One reason for this is that starting ART in many countries is a lengthy and burdensome process, imposing long waits and multiple clinic visits on patients. We estimated the effect on uptake of ART and viral suppression of an accelerated initiation algorithm that allowed treatment-eligible patients to be dispensed their first supply of antiretroviral medications on the day of their first HIV-related clinic visit.ConclusionsOffering single-visit ART initiation to adult patients in South Africa increased uptake of ART by 36% and viral suppression by 26%. This intervention should be considered for adoption in the public sector in Africa.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov , and NCT01710397South African National Clinical Trials Register DOH-27-0213-4177. 相似文献5.
K. Mahomed R. Nyoni T. Mulambo J. Kasule E. Jacobus 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1994,308(6927):497-500
OBJECTIVE--To compare effectiveness of different methods of monitoring intrapartum fetal heart rate. DESIGN--Prospective randomised controlled trial. SETTING--Referral maternity hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS--1255 women who were 37 weeks or more pregnant with singleton cephalic presentation and normal fetal heart rate before entry into study. INTERVENTIONS--Intermittent monitoring of fetal heart rate by electronic monitoring, Doppler ultrasound, use of Pinard stethoscope by a research midwife, or routine use of Pinard stethoscope by attending midwife. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, need for operative delivery for fetal distress, neonatal mortality, Apgar scores, admission to neonatal unit, neonatal seizures, and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. RESULTS--Abnormalities in fetal heart rate were detected in 54% (172/318) of the electronic monitoring group, 32% (100/312) of the ultrasonography group, 15% (47/310) of the Pinard stethoscope group, and 9% (28/315) of the routine monitoring group. Caesarean sections were performed for 28% (89%), 24% (76), 10% (32), and 15% (46) of the four groups respectively. Neonatal outcome was best in the ultrasonography group: hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy occurred in two, one, seven, and 10 cases in the four groups respectively; neonatal seizures occurred only in the last two groups (six and nine cases respectively); and deaths occurred in eight, two, five, and nine cases respectively. CONCLUSIONS--Abnormalities in fetal heart rate were more reliably detected by Doppler ultrasonography than with Pinard stethoscope, and its use resulted in good perinatal outcome. The use of relatively cheap ultrasound monitors should be further evaluated and promoted in obstetric units caring for high risk pregnancies in developing countries with scarce resources. 相似文献
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Emson C. Nyoni Balvant R. Sitaram David A. Taylor 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》1996,679(1-2)
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is the major psychoactive component of cannabis. To assist in investigating the mechanism(s) of action of Δ9-THC, a convenient method for determining its levels in brain tissue is required. We now describe a method for determining nanogram quantities of Δ9-THC in rat brain tissue. The method employs solvent extraction with methanol-hexane-ethyl acetate, followed by analysis using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Overall recoveries were greater than 80%. The relationship between the peak-height ratio for processed standards extracted in the presence of tissue (Δ9-THC/internal standard) and the amount of Δ9-THC added was shown to be linear within the range of concentrations examined. Quantitative measurements of Δ9-THC in different brain regions following the intravenous administration of Δ9-THC are presented as examples of the applications of this method. 相似文献
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Assress Hailemariam Abrha Selvarajan Ramganesh Nyoni Hlengilizwe Mamba Bhekie B. Msagati Titus A. M. 《Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology》2021,20(4):1011-1041
Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology - Following their extensive use, azole antifungals may enter the environment through the discharge of domestic, industrial and hospital... 相似文献
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Lukhele Thabile Selvarajan Ramganesh Nyoni Hlengilizwe Mamba Bheki Brilliance Msagati Titus Alfred Makudali 《Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions》2019,23(6):719-734
Extremophiles - This study surveyed physicochemical properties and bacterial community structure of water and sediments from an acid mine drainage (AMD) dam in South Africa. High-throughput... 相似文献
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