Background
Despite policies that recommend parasitological testing before treatment for malaria, presumptive treatment remains widespread in Nigeria. The majority of Nigerians obtain antimalarial drugs from two types of for-profit drug vendors—formal and informal medicine shops—but little is known about the quality of malaria care services provided at these shops.Aims
This study seeks to (1) describe the profile of patients who seek treatment at different types of drug outlets, (2) document the types of drugs purchased for treating malaria, (3) assess which patients are purchasing recommended drugs, and (4) estimate the extent of malaria over-treatment.Methods
In urban, peri-urban, and rural areas in Oyo State, customers exiting proprietary and patent medicine vendor (PPMV) shops or pharmacies having purchased anti-malarial drugs were surveyed and tested with malaria rapid diagnostic test. A follow-up phone survey was conducted four days after to assess self-reported drug administration. Bivariate and multivariate regression analysis was conducted to determine the correlates of patronizing a PPMV versus pharmacy, and the likelihood of purchasing an artemisinin-combination therapy (ACT) drug.Results
Of the 457participants who sought malaria treatment in 49 enrolled outlets, nearly 92% had diagnosed their condition by themselves, a family member, or a friend. Nearly 60% pharmacy customers purchased an ACT compared to only 29% of PPMV customers, and pharmacy customers paid significantly more on average. Multivariate regression results show that patrons of PPMVs were younger, less wealthy, waited fewer days before seeking care, and were less likely to be diagnosed at a hospital, clinic, or laboratory. Only 3.9% of participants tested positive with a malaria rapid diagnostic test.Conclusions
Poorer individuals seeking care at PPMVs are more likely to receive inappropriate malaria treatment when compared to those who go to pharmacies. Increasing accessibility to reliable diagnosis should be explored to reduce malaria over-treatment. 相似文献The need for sustainability in food supply has led to progressive increase in soil nutrient enrichment. Fertilizer application effects both biological and abiotic processes in the soil, of which the bacterial community that support viral multiplication are equally influenced. Nevertheless, little is known on the effect of soil fertilization on the Soil viral community composition and dynamics. In this study, we evaluated the influence of soil fertilization on the maize rhizosphere viral community growing in Luvisolic soil. The highest abundance of bacteriophages were detected in soil treated with 8 tons/ha compost manure (Cp8), 60 kg/ha inorganic fertilizer (N1), 4 tons/ha compost manure (Cp4) and the unfertilized control (Cn0). Our result showed higher relative abundance of Myoviridae, Podoviridae and Siphoviridae in 8 tons/ha organic manure (Cp8) fertilized compared to others. While Inoviridae and Microviridae were the most relative abundant phage families in 4 tons/ha organic manure (Cp4) fertilized soil. This demonstrate that soil fertilization with organic manure increases the abundance and diversity of viruses in the soil due to its soil conditioning effects.
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