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The discovery of novel biologically active peptides has led to an explosion in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Urotensin II (UII), a peptide originally isolated from fish and known for its strong cardiovascular effects in mammals, is another surprising candidate in the regulatory network of sleep. The UII receptor was found to be expressed by cholinergic neurons of laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei, an area known to be of utmost importance for the on- and offset of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Recently, physiological data have provided further evidence that UII is indeed a modulator of REM sleep. The peptide directly excites cholinergic mesopontine neurons and increases the rate of REM sleep episodes. These new results and its emerging behavioral effects establish UII as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in mammals and should spark further interest into the neurobiological role of the peptide. 相似文献
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Li Zhang Hans-Peter Nothacker Laura M. Bohn Olivier Civelli 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2009,387(2):283-288
Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor in the bombesin receptor family that still awaits identification of its natural ligand. BRS-3 deficient mice develop a mild late-onset obesity with metabolic defects, implicating BRS-3 plays a role in feeding and metabolism. We describe here the pharmacological characterization of a synthetic compound, 16a, which serves as a potent agonist for BRS-3. This compound is selective for BRS-3 as it does not activate neuromedin B or gastrin-releasing peptide receptors, two most closely related bombesin receptors, as well as a series of other GPCRs. We assessed the receptor trafficking of BRS-3 and found that compound 16a promoted β-arrestin translocation to the cell membrane. Neither central nor peripheral administration of compound 16a affects locomotor activity in mice. Therefore compound 16a is a potential tool to study the function of the BRS-3 system in vitro and possibly in vivo. 相似文献
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Martijn F Schenk Jan HG Cordewener Antoine HP America Wendy PC van't Westende Marinus JM Smulders Luud JWJ Gilissen 《BMC plant biology》2009,9(1):24
Background
Bet v 1 is an important cause of hay fever in northern Europe. Bet v 1 isoforms from the European white birch (Betula pendula) have been investigated extensively, but the allergenic potency of other birch species is unknown. The presence of Bet v 1 and closely related PR-10 genes in the genome was established by amplification and sequencing of alleles from eight birch species that represent the four subgenera within the genus Betula. Q-TOF LC-MSE was applied to identify which PR-10/Bet v 1 genes are actually expressed in pollen and to determine the relative abundances of individual isoforms in the pollen proteome. 相似文献5.
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This is an overview of the mutant strain Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 which produces solvents (acetone–butanol–ethanol, ABE) at elevated levels. This organism expresses high levels of amylases
when grown on starch. C. beijerinckii BA101 hydrolyzes starch effectively and produces solvent in the concentration range of 27–29 g l−1. C. beijerinckii BA101 has been characterized for both substrate and butanol inhibition. Supplementing the fermentation medium (MP2) with
sodium acetate enhances solvent production to 33 g l−1. The results of studies utilizing commercial fermentation medium and pilot plant-scale reactors are consistent with the results
using small-scale reactors. Pervaporation, a technique to recover solvents, has been applied to fed-batch reactors containing
C. beijerinckii BA101, and solvent production as high as 165 g l−1 has been achieved. Immobilization of C. beijerinckii BA101 by adsorption and use in a continuous reactor resulted in reactor productivity of 15.8 g l−1 h−1. Recent economic studies employing C. beijerinckii BA101 suggested that butanol can be produced at US$0.20–0.25 lb−1 by employing batch fermentation and distillative recovery. Application of new technologies such as pervaporation, fed-batch
culture, and immobilized cell reactors is expected to further reduce these prices.
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 287–291.
Received 12 September 2000/ Accepted in revised form 27 January 2001 相似文献
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S Cohen HP LIN 《Journal of neurochemistry》1972,19(2):513-523
Abstract— The diethyl ester of α-fluoroglutarate (DEFG), an inhibitor of glutamate dehydrogenase, was prepared, and its effect on glutamate and phosphates in slices of rabbit cerebral cortex was examined. The primary effect of the drug on cortical slices incubating in a Krebs-Ringer glucose medium was to decrease the tissue levels of glutamate in association with decreased levels and turnover of high-energy phosphates. Assimilation of exogenous glutamate by the slices was partially blocked in the presence of the drug and severely depressed oxidative phosphorylation resulted when glutamate and DEFG were both present in the incubation mixture. The results suggested a significant relationship between the activity of cerebral glutamate dehydrogenase and oxidative phosphorylation. During incubation in a Krebs-Ringer glucose medium the endogenous pool of free amino acids in the cortical slice partitioned with the medium. Little or no glutamate, aspartate or GABA was present in the medium after incubation, but glycine, alanine, threonine, serine and glutamine did partition to varying degrees, with over one-half of the glutamine present in the incubation medium. With the exception of ‘leakage’ of aspartate, the partitioning patterns were relatively unaffected by the presence of added glutamate or DEFG. 相似文献
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An overview of the serpin superfamily 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Law RH Zhang Q McGowan S Buckle AM Silverman GA Wong W Rosado CJ Langendorf CG Pike RN Bird PI Whisstock JC 《Genome biology》2006,7(5):216-11
Serpins are a broadly distributed family of protease inhibitors that use a conformational change to inhibit target enzymes. They are central in controlling many important proteolytic cascades, including the mammalian coagulation pathways. Serpins are conformationally labile and many of the disease-linked mutations of serpins result in misfolding or in pathogenic, inactive polymers. 相似文献