马铃薯甲虫结节性硬化复合物基因LdTSC1和LdTSC2基因的克隆及功能分析

【目的】通过RNAi技术明确马铃薯甲虫TOR上游的关键信号集成节点及类胰岛素信号通道下游基因结节性硬化复合物TSC1和TSC2的功能。旨在为探明马铃薯甲虫类胰岛素信号转导提供更多理论支持。【方法】在NCBI(美国国家生物技术信息中心)获取马铃薯甲虫LdTSC1/2序列,分别利用多重序列比对和系统发育分析确定该基因的完整性和系统发育关系;采用喂食幼虫dsRNA的方法,观察该基因的调低对马铃薯甲虫幼虫生长发育、糖脂代谢的影响。【结果】克隆得到马铃薯甲虫TSC1编码蛋白的氨基酸序列与鞘翅目白蜡窄吉丁直系同源蛋白的氨基酸序列的自展一致度为100%,聚为一支;TSC2编码蛋白的氨基酸序列与鞘翅目白蜡窄吉丁和赤拟谷盗的同源蛋白氨基酸序列的自展一致度为100%,聚为一支。通过分别喂食2龄幼虫LdTSC1/2的dsRNA能有效降低靶标基因的表达量,幼虫出现体重减轻,化蛹率和羽化率显著下降,葡萄糖的吸收转化效率降低,海藻糖含量升高和甘油三酯均减少。【结论】下调2龄幼虫LdTSC1/2的表达量,导致试虫出现抑制了糖脂代谢、脂肪体减少、体重减轻以及发育延迟;结果表明LdTSC1/2调控了马铃薯甲虫幼虫的糖脂代谢过程,显著影响幼虫化蛹和蜕皮过程。     

新疆粮棉混作生态区茧蜂种类调查初报

报道了新疆南、北、东3个主要粮棉混作生态区茧蜂科种类14个亚科,28个属,63种;其中新疆新记录18种,国内新记录3种.调查分析表明:小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae、茧蜂亚科Braconinae、内茧蜂亚科Rogadinae和蚜茧蜂亚科Aphidiinae种类的数量在新疆粮棉混作生态区占明显优势地位.     

A natural isolate of Pseudomonas maltophila which degrades aromatic sulfonic acids

Abstract A natural isolate, designated BSA56, which was originally selected for growth with benzene sulfuric acid as sole carbon and energy source, was identified as a strain of Pseudomonas maltophila . Strain BSA56 grew on a wide range of aromatic sulfonic acids and was shown to release sulfite from benzene sulfonic acid and 2-napthalene sulforic acid. Although it also grew on toluene sulfonic acid and pyridine sulfonic acid, no significant sulfite release was observed with these substrates. Release of sulfite from benzene sulfonic acid was greatly promoted by the presence of glycerol. The ability to release sulfite was induced by growth in the presence of benzene sulfonic acid and was repressed almost entirely by substrates allowing rapid growth such as acetate. Strain BSA56 grew better at 30°C than 37°C on most aromatic substrates, but the reverse was true for most aromatic sulfonates. Several mutants of BSA56 were isolated with defects in benzoate, salicylate, or gentisate metabolism. However, all these mutants retained the ability to degrade the aromatic sulfonates.     

小型植保无人机超低量喷雾防治稻水象甲

【目的】通过建立适宜新疆荒漠绿洲特殊生态环境的稻水象甲超低量喷雾技术,为稻水象甲的大面积统防统治提供新型施药技术。【方法】以小型遥控多旋翼植保无人机(UAV)为施药机械,以稻水象甲常规喷雾防效大于90%的药剂为首选药剂,开展了药剂、施药量、助剂以及施药机型的筛选试验。【结果】施药后3、7、14和21 d虫口密度高于防治指标的样地所占比例依次为35.71%、21.43%、35.71%和78.57%。30%氯虫·噻虫嗪187.5 mL·hm~(-2)防效最佳,14 d药效高达93.43%;药后21 d,球孢白僵菌3000 mL·hm~(-2)的防效最高,达84.65%。各药剂施药量与防效呈正相关。此外,UAV喷雾防治稻水象甲时,添加助剂的平均防效可提高22.29%~28.49%。【结论】在农业精准施药、绿色生产中,综合考虑供试药剂的施药量、持效期、防效和药后存活虫量,建议以30%氯虫·噻虫嗪SC和14%氯虫·高氯氟CS作为全程以UAV为施药机械防治稻水象甲的首选药剂,在稻水象甲种群发展前中期优先考虑低浓度施药量;同时,为避免UAV在实际作业中药液雾滴发生飘失和流失问题,可以考虑添加飞防助剂提升防效。     

不同生物药剂对稻水象甲的毒力、拒食活性及防效分析

【目的】防治稻水象甲的现有常规化学药剂的大量施用所引发的环境问题越发突出,而其生物药剂单一,加之天敌匮乏,故开展符合绿色生产标准的低毒、低残留、无污染生物药剂的筛选已成为稻水象甲防治工作所面临的首要任务。【方法】以越冬代稻水象甲成虫为试虫,采用室内点滴、田间喷雾等方法,对5种符合绿色生产标准药剂的毒力、拒食活性、防效及药后取食量等指标进行了测定和综合评价。【结果】室内生测方面:72 h后对处理稻水象甲成虫的室内毒力显著;此外,对试验前后的取食斑面积进行比较,发现药后各药剂拒食活性差异显著,均表现出较好的拒食作用。田间药效方面:除0.6%苦参碱AS外,其他药剂对稻水象甲均表现出较好的防效,100亿个孢子·m L~(-1)白僵菌OD、1.5%除虫菊素AS、7.5%鱼藤酮EC和6%乙基多杀菌素SC这4种药剂15 d的田间防效为51.24%~82.55%;3 d后各处理组田间新增取食斑数、取食长度均显著低于对照组。【结论】在绿色水稻生产中,100亿个孢子·m L~(-1)白僵菌OD、1.5%除虫菊素AS、7.5%鱼藤酮EC和6%乙基多杀菌素SC均具有较好的推广价值,可用于稻水象甲的防治。     

Characterization of laser produced plasma using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

The plasma parameter studies of the Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet, Nd:Y₃Al₁₅O₁₂) crystal by using the fundamental (1064 nm) and second (532 nm) harmonics of Nd:YAG laser are reported. The electron temperature (T _e ) and electron number density (N _e) were determined using the Boltzmann plot method and the Stark-broadened line profile, respectively. An increase in the plasma parameters have been observed with an increase in the laser irradiance for both laser modes. The electron temperatures were calculated in the range of 0.53–0.66 eV for 1064 nm and 0.47–0.60 eV for 532 nm, and the electron number densities were determined in the range of 7.43 × 10¹⁵–3.27 × 10¹⁶ cm^?3 for 1064 nm and 1.35 × 10¹⁶–3.97 × 10¹⁶ cm^?3 for 532 nm in the studied irradiance range of 1.19–12.5 GW/cm². However, the spatial evolution of the plasma parameters investigated up to 2.75 mm away from the target surface at a fixed laser irradiance of 6.51 GW/cm2 showed a decreasing trend. In addition, the estimated values of the inverse bremsstrahlung (IB) absorption coefficients at both laser wavelengths showed that the IB process is dominant for the 1064-nm laser.     

一株产β-葡萄糖苷酶甘草内生菌的筛选、全基因组分析及产酶优化

【背景】从健康甘草须根中分离获得的一株芽孢杆菌具有高产β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性。【目的】探究分离菌株潜在的产酶遗传信息,为该菌深入研究与工业应用提供数据支撑。【方法】利用七叶苷培养基进行产β-葡萄糖苷酶的益生菌筛选,筛到一株产β-葡萄糖苷酶的芽孢杆菌,采用三代Nanopore PromethION和二代Illumina NovaSeq平台对菌株进行基因组测序与组装、并通过基因预测与功能注释等生物信息分析预测菌株潜在的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因。另外,以β-葡萄糖苷酶活性为指标,研究碳源、氮源、接种量、温度和起始pH对菌株产酶活性的影响。【结果】从甘草须根中分离得到一株具有β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的菌株,通过形态学观察、生理生化和分子生物学试验鉴定为芽孢杆菌属菌株,并命名为Bacillus rugosus A78.1。该菌株基因组大小为4 146 938 bp,G+C含量为43.86%,共编码4 255个基因。在基因组中,共注释到碳水化合物活性酶基因192个,其中β-葡萄糖苷酶基因10个,分别属于GH1和GH3家族基因。在基因本体（GO）、京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG）和同源基因簇（clusters of orthologous groups of proteins,COG）数据库分别注释到2 896、4 019和3 657个基因。该菌株基因组测序结果上传至NCBI获得GenBank登录号为CP096590。菌株A78.1产β-葡萄糖苷酶的最佳碳、氮源分别为0.5%葡萄糖、1.0%酵母浸粉,最佳培养条件为温度37℃、3%接种量、pH 6.0,此条件下β-葡萄糖苷酶活力可达到（5.640±0.085） U/mL。【结论】通过全基因组测序分析及产酶优化试验确定了Bacillus rugosus A78.1优良的产β-葡萄糖苷酶能力及在碳水化合物代谢方面的潜力,为该菌株在纤维素分解、糖苷类化合物水解等生物、化工和食品领域的研究与应用提供基础。     

Chromatin barcodes as biomarkers for melanoma

The major barrier to effective cancer therapy is the presence of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity within cancer cell populations that provides a reservoir of therapeutically resistant cells. As the degree of heterogeneity present within tumours will be proportional to tumour burden, the development of rapid, robust, accurate and sensitive biomarkers for cancer progression that could detect clinically occult disease before substantial heterogeneity develops would provide a major therapeutic benefit. Here, we explore the application of chromatin conformation capture technology to generate a diagnostic epigenetic barcode for melanoma. The results indicate that binary states from chromatin conformations at 15 loci within five genes can be used to provide rapid, non‐invasive multivariate test for the presence of melanoma using as little as 200 μl of patient blood.     

Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and expression changes of eighteen cytochrome P450 genes in field populations of Bemisia tabaci from Xinjiang,China

The occurrence of Bemisia tabaci poses an increasingly serious threat to cotton and vegetable crops in Xinjiang, China. Currently, neonicotinoid insecticides are commonly used to control the insect, to which resistance is inevitable due to intensive use. However, the resistance status and mechanism of B. tabaci to neonicotinoid insecticides in Xinjiang are poorly understood. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases represent a key detoxification mechanism in the neonicotinoid resistance of B. tabaci. In this study, the resistance level to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam was investigated using the leaf dipping method in five field populations of B. tabaci from Turpan (TP, two sampling sites), Shache (SC), Hotan (HT) and Yining (YN) in northern and southern Xinjiang. The expression changes of eighteen cytochrome P450 genes from the select B. tabaci populations were determined by real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR). The bioassay revealed that the five populations tested had developed moderate to high levels of resistance to imidacloprid (12.26–46.07‐fold), while the populations remained sensitive to thiamethoxam except for HT, which had a low level of resistance. The qPCR results showed that the expression levels of five P450 genes, CYP4G68, CYP6CM1, CYP303A1‐like, CYP6DZ7 and CYP6DZ4, were significantly higher in some resistant field populations than in the susceptible strain. Resistance to imidacloprid in field populations of B. tabaci might be associated with the increased expression of these five cytochrome P450 genes. The results are useful for further understanding the mechanism of neonicotinoid resistance and will contribute to the management of insecticide‐resistant B. tabaci in Xinjiang.     

稻水象甲在新疆的潜在分布及适生性研究

【目的】通过精准开展稻水象甲在新疆荒漠绿洲稻区的适生性研究,旨在为新疆地区该重大外来有害生物的科学防控提供指导。【方法】基于19个环境因子和64个稻水象甲在新疆及内地重要代表性发生地的最新地理分布点信息,采用MaxEnt模型与ArcGIS 10.2软件进行具体分析,预测稻水象甲在新疆的最新潜在分布区,并划分风险等级。【结果】稻水象甲在新疆荒漠绿洲稻区的适生区域主要集中在北疆天山北坡和伊犁河谷一带,以及南疆阿克苏地区和克州的部分区域,其非适生区占新疆总面积的79.97%,低适生区占7.34%,适生区占10.84%,高适生区则仅占1.85%。【结论】稻水象甲在新疆继续扩散的趋势与危害风险依然较大,其中,年平均温(bio1)、等温性(bio3)、最湿季平均温(bio8)、最暖季的降雨量(bio18)和最热月的高温(bio5)是影响稻水象甲在新疆潜在扩散的主要环境因子。