首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   797篇
  免费   62篇
  859篇
  2024年   5篇
  2023年   5篇
  2022年   4篇
  2021年   8篇
  2020年   10篇
  2019年   6篇
  2018年   9篇
  2017年   4篇
  2016年   10篇
  2015年   30篇
  2014年   35篇
  2013年   38篇
  2012年   68篇
  2011年   68篇
  2010年   34篇
  2009年   31篇
  2008年   50篇
  2007年   61篇
  2006年   50篇
  2005年   54篇
  2004年   48篇
  2003年   33篇
  2002年   38篇
  2001年   5篇
  2000年   5篇
  1999年   6篇
  1998年   11篇
  1996年   8篇
  1995年   4篇
  1994年   5篇
  1993年   7篇
  1992年   12篇
  1991年   5篇
  1990年   4篇
  1989年   3篇
  1988年   6篇
  1986年   2篇
  1985年   8篇
  1984年   13篇
  1983年   5篇
  1982年   3篇
  1981年   3篇
  1980年   5篇
  1979年   10篇
  1978年   4篇
  1977年   3篇
  1976年   6篇
  1974年   4篇
  1864年   1篇
  1862年   3篇
排序方式: 共有859条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Formation, degradation and renewal of cellular organelles is a dynamic process based on permanent budding, fusion and inter-organelle traffic of vesicles. These processes include many regulatory proteins such as SNAREs, Rabs and coats. Given this complex machinery, a controversially debated issue is the definition of a minimal set of generic mechanisms necessary to enable the self-organization of organelles differing in number, size and chemical composition. We present a conceptual mathematical model of dynamic organelle formation based on interacting vesicles which carry different types of fusogenic proteins (FP) playing the role of characteristic marker proteins. Our simulations (ODEs) show that a de novo formation of non-identical organelles, each accumulating a different type of FP, requires a certain degree of disproportionation of FPs during budding. More importantly however, the fusion kinetics must indispensably exhibit positive cooperativity among these FPs, particularly for the formation of larger organelles. We compared different types of cooperativity: sequential alignment of corresponding FPs on opposite vesicle/organelles during fusion and pre-formation of FP-aggregates (equivalent, e.g., to SNARE clusters) prior to fusion described by Hill kinetics. This showed that the average organelle size in the system is much more sensitive to the disproportionation strength of FPs during budding if the vesicular transport system gets along with a fusion mechanism based on sequential alignments of FPs. Therefore, pre-formation of FP aggregates within the membranes prior to fusion introduce robustness with respect to organelle size. Our findings provide a plausible explanation for the evolution of a relatively large number of molecules to confer specificity on the fusion machinery compared to the relatively small number involved in the budding process. Moreover, we could speculate that a specific cooperativity which may be described by Hill kinetics (aggregates or Rab/SNARE complex formation) is suitable if maturation/identity switching of organelles play a role (bistability).  相似文献   
2.
    
The insects with the longest proboscis in relation to body length are the nectar‐feeding Nemestrinidae. These flies represent important pollinators of the South African flora and feature adaptations to particularly long‐tubed flowers. The present study examined the morphology of the extremely long and slender mouthparts of Nemestrinidae for the first time. The heavily sclerotized tubular proboscis of flies from the genus Prosoeca is highly variable in length. It measures 20–47 mm in length and may exceed double the body length in some individuals. Proximally, the proboscis consists of the labrum–epipharynx unit, the laciniae, the hypopharynx, and the labium. The distal half is composed of the prementum of the labium, which solely forms the food tube. In adaptation to long‐tubed and narrow flowers, the prementum is extremely elongated, bearing the short apical labella that appear only to be able to spread apart slightly during nectar uptake. Moving the proboscis from resting position under the body to a vertical feeding position is accomplished in particular by the movements of the laciniae, which function as a lever arm. Comparisons with the mouthparts of other flower visiting flies provide insights into adaptations to nectar‐feeding from long‐tubed flowers. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ?? , ??–??.  相似文献   
3.
4.
5.
The preprotein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM complex) contains one essential subunit, the channel Tom40. The assembly pathway of the precursor of Tom40 involves the TOM complex and the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM complex) with the non-essential subunit Mas37. We have identified Sam50, the second essential protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Sam50 contains a beta-barrel domain conserved from bacteria to man and is a subunit of the SAM complex. Yeast mutants of Sam50 are defective in the assembly pathways of Tom40 and the abundant outer membrane protein porin, while the import of matrix proteins is not affected. Thus the protein sorting and assembly machinery of the mitochondrial outer membrane involves an essential, conserved protein.  相似文献   
6.
Montanoa revealii and M. mollissima yielded a series of germacra-12,6β-olides similar to those previously reported from M. hibiscifolia and M. pteropoda.  相似文献   
7.
    
It is estimated that maintenance of the resting potential of neurons consumes between 15 % (in gray matter) and 44 % (in fully myelinated white matter) of the brain’s total energy budget [1]. This poses the intriguing question why evolution has not strived to lower the permeability of passive ion channels to cut the high resting-state energy budget of the brain. Based on a conceptual mathematical model of neuronal ion currents and action potential (AP) firing we demonstrate that a neuron endowed with small leak currents and correspondingly low energy consumption by the Na+/K+-ATPase in the resting state may indeed recapitulate all features of normal AP firing. However, the activation and inactivation of such a “low-energy-cost neuron” turns out to be extremely sensitive to small fluctuation of Na+ currents associated with Na+-dependent secondary-active transport that is indispensable for the metabolic integrity of the cell and neurotransmitter recycling. We provide evidence that sufficiently large leak currents function as important stabilizers of the membrane potential and thus are required to allow robust AP firing. Our simulations suggest that the energy demand of the Na+/K+-ATPase needed to counterbalance passive leak currents cannot be significantly dropped below observed values.  相似文献   
8.
    
The type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) is required for systemic infections and intracellular accumulation of Salmonella enterica. This system is induced by intracellular Salmonella and subsequently transfers effector proteins into the host cell. Growth conditions either inducing expression of the type III secretion system or the secretion of substrate proteins were defined. Here we report the identification of a set of substrate proteins consisting of SseB, SseC, and SseD that are secreted by the SPI2 system in vitro. Secretion was observed if bacterial cells were exposed to acidic pH after growth in minimal medium with limitation of Mg(2+) or phosphate. SseB, -C, and -D were isolated in a fraction detached from the bacterial cell surface by mechanical shearing, indicating that these proteins are predominantly assembled into complexes on the bacterial cell surface. The three proteins were required for the translocation of SPI2 effector proteins SspH1 and SspH2 into infected host cells. Thus, SseB, SseC, and SseD function as the translocon for effector proteins by intracellular Salmonella.  相似文献   
9.
If biological-motion point-light displays are presented upside down, adequate perception is strongly impaired. Reminiscent of the inversion effect in face recognition, it has been suggested that the inversion effect in biological motion is due to impaired configural processing in a highly trained expert system. Here, we present data that are incompatible with this view. We show that observers can readily retrieve information about direction from scrambled point-light displays of humans and animals. Even though all configural information is entirely disrupted, perception of these displays is still subject to a significant inversion effect. Inverting only parts of the display reveals that the information about direction, as well as the associated inversion effect, is entirely carried by the local motion of the feet. We interpret our findings in terms of a visual filter that is tuned to the characteristic motion of the limbs of an animal in locomotion and hypothesize that this mechanism serves as a general detection system for the presence of articulated terrestrial animals.  相似文献   
10.
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号