全文获取类型
收费全文 | 237篇 |
免费 | 25篇 |
专业分类
262篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 4篇 |
2022年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 2篇 |
2020年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 5篇 |
2017年 | 4篇 |
2016年 | 5篇 |
2015年 | 9篇 |
2014年 | 10篇 |
2013年 | 8篇 |
2012年 | 8篇 |
2011年 | 5篇 |
2010年 | 4篇 |
2009年 | 8篇 |
2008年 | 6篇 |
2007年 | 4篇 |
2006年 | 8篇 |
2005年 | 7篇 |
2004年 | 9篇 |
2003年 | 7篇 |
2002年 | 8篇 |
2001年 | 5篇 |
2000年 | 10篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 13篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 6篇 |
1969年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1961年 | 2篇 |
1958年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有262条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
MPTP, MPP+ and mitochondrial function 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), the putative toxic metabolite of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), inhibited NAD(H)-linked mitochondrial oxidation at the level of Complex I of the electron transport system. MPTP and MPP+ inhibited aerobic glycolysis in mouse striatal slices, as measured by increased lactate production; MPTP-induced effects were prevented by inhibition of monoamine oxidase B activity. Several neurotoxic analogs of MPTP also form pyridinium metabolites via MAO; these MPP+ analogs were all inhibitors of NAD(H)-linked oxidation by isolated mitochondria. 2'-Methyl-MPTP, a more potent neurotoxin in mice than MPTP, was also more potent than MPTP in inducing lactate accumulation in mouse brain striatal slices. Overall, the studies support the hypothesis that compromise of mitochondrial oxidative capacity is an important factor in the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of MPTP and similar compounds. 相似文献
3.
Lupus prone (SWR x NZB)F1 mice produce potentially nephritogenic autoantibodies inherited from the normal SWR parent 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
J Gavalchin J A Nicklas J W Eastcott M P Madaio B D Stollar R S Schwartz S K Datta 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》1985,134(2):885-894
The incidence of nephritis in autoimmune NZB mice is low, but when they are crossed with normal SWR mice, almost 100% of the female F1 hybrids (SNF1) develop lethal glomerulonephritis. To define the contribution of the normal SWR strain to the development of nephritis, we analyzed 65 monoclonal anti-DNA autoantibodies derived from SNF1 mice and compared them with those obtained from the NZB parent. The majority of the SNF1-derived anti-DNA antibodies were IgG and cationic in charge. By contrast, 77% of the NZB-derived antibodies were IgM. Moreover, all three NZB-derived IgG anti-DNA antibodies were anionic. The cationic property of the SNF1-derived IgG autoantibodies was not restricted to any particular antigenic specificity pattern or IgG subclass, nor was there a preference for the allotype of either parent. However, we identified a set of highly cationic (pI at 8.2 to 8.8 pH) IgG2b anti-DNA antibodies from SNF1 hybrids that had the SWR allotype. Isoelectric focusing of intact antibodies and isolated heavy and light chains showed that the highly cationic charge of these antibodies was determined by the variable regions of their heavy chains. Because IgG anti-DNA antibodies with cationic charge are especially pathogenic, those antibodies bearing the allotype of the normal SWR parent may account for the high incidence of severe nephritis in the F1 hybrids. The results indicate that pathogenic autoantibodies, which are encoded by genes of the nonautoimmune SWR parent, are expressed in the SNF1 mice due to some cellular and genetic regulatory influence of the NZB parent. 相似文献
4.
CHROMOSOME MICROMANIPULATION : III. Spindle Fiber Tension and the Reorientation of Mal-Oriented Chromosomes 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
Kinetochore reorientation is the critical process ensuring normal chromosome distribution. Reorientation has been studied in living grasshopper spermatocytes, in which bivalents with both chromosomes oriented to the same pole (unipolar orientation) occur but are unstable: sooner or later one chromosome reorients, the stable, bipolar orientation results, and normal anaphase segregation to opposite poles follows. One possible source of stability in bipolar orientations is the normal spindle forces toward opposite poles, which slightly stretch the bivalent. This tension is lacking in unipolar orientations because all the chromosomal spindle fibers and spindle forces are directed toward one pole. The possible role of tension has been tested directly by micromanipulation of bivalents in unipolar orientation to artificially create the missing tension. Without exception, such bivalents never reorient before the tension is released; a total time "under tension" of over 5 hr has been accumulated in experiments on eight bivalents in eight cells. In control experiments these same bivalents reoriented from a unipolar orientation within 16 min, on the average, in the absence of tension. Controlled reorientation and chromosome segregation can be explained from the results of these and related experiments. 相似文献
5.
Compartmentation of glutamic acid metabolism in brain slices 总被引:12,自引:4,他引:8
— (1) Compartmentation of glutamate metabolism in brain cortex previously observed only in vivo, has now been demonstrated in vitro.This was shown by using [U-14C]aspartate and [U-14C]glutamate as tracer substrates. (2) Preparation and maintenance of the slices at 0° resulted in reversible inhibition of glutamine synthesis. Preincubation at 37° for 10 min or preparation of the slices at room temperature partially overcame this inhibition. (3) Transfer to fresh medium after preincubation had an added stimulatory effect on glutamine synthesis. (4) Incubation in high K+ medium (27 mm ) altered the relative specific activity of glutamine. (5) The data are in keeping with the postulate of the existence of at least two different pools of citric acid cycle intermediates in the cerebral cortex. 相似文献
6.
7.
W J Nicklas 《Journal of neurochemistry》1991,56(6):2151-2152
8.
Anne Thoustrup Saber Jacob Stuart Lamson Nicklas Raun Jacobsen Gitte Ravn-Haren Karin S?rig Hougaard Allen Njimeri Nyendi Pia Wahlberg Anne Mette Madsen Petra Jackson H?kan Wallin Ulla Vogel 《PloS one》2013,8(7)
Background
Particulate air pollution is associated with cardiovascular disease. Acute phase response is causally linked to cardiovascular disease. Here, we propose that particle-induced pulmonary acute phase response provides an underlying mechanism for particle-induced cardiovascular risk.Methods
We analysed the mRNA expression of Serum Amyloid A (Saa3) in lung tissue from female C57BL/6J mice exposed to different particles including nanomaterials (carbon black and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, multi- and single walled carbon nanotubes), diesel exhaust particles and airborne dust collected at a biofuel plant. Mice were exposed to single or multiple doses of particles by inhalation or intratracheal instillation and pulmonary mRNA expression of Saa3 was determined at different time points of up to 4 weeks after exposure. Also hepatic mRNA expression of Saa3, SAA3 protein levels in broncheoalveolar lavage fluid and in plasma and high density lipoprotein levels in plasma were determined in mice exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes.Results
Pulmonary exposure to particles strongly increased Saa3 mRNA levels in lung tissue and elevated SAA3 protein levels in broncheoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma, whereas hepatic Saa3 levels were much less affected. Pulmonary Saa3 expression correlated with the number of neutrophils in BAL across different dosing regimens, doses and time points.Conclusions
Pulmonary acute phase response may constitute a direct link between particle inhalation and risk of cardiovascular disease. We propose that the particle-induced pulmonary acute phase response may predict risk for cardiovascular disease. 相似文献9.
Nicklas Blomquist Ann-Christine Engstr?m Magnus Hummelg?rd Britta Andres Sven Forsberg H?kan Olin 《PloS one》2016,11(4)
The number of applications based on graphene, few-layer graphene, and nanographite is rapidly increasing. A large-scale process for production of these materials is critically needed to achieve cost-effective commercial products. Here, we present a novel process to mechanically exfoliate industrial quantities of nanographite from graphite in an aqueous environment with low energy consumption and at controlled shear conditions. This process, based on hydrodynamic tube shearing, produced nanometer-thick and micrometer-wide flakes of nanographite with a production rate exceeding 500 gh-1 with an energy consumption about 10 Whg-1. In addition, to facilitate large-area coating, we show that the nanographite can be mixed with nanofibrillated cellulose in the process to form highly conductive, robust and environmentally friendly composites. This composite has a sheet resistance below 1.75 Ω/sq and an electrical resistivity of 1.39×10-4 Ωm and may find use in several applications, from supercapacitors and batteries to printed electronics and solar cells. A batch of 100 liter was processed in less than 4 hours. The design of the process allow scaling to even larger volumes and the low energy consumption indicates a low-cost process. 相似文献
10.
In vivo ionizing irradiations produce deletions in the hprt gene of human T-lymphocytes 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Janice A. Nicklas J. Patrick O'Neill Timothy C. Hunter Michael T. Falta Malcolm J. Lippert David Jacobson-Kram Jerry R. Williams Richard J. Albertini 《Mutation research》1991,250(1-2):383-396
The hprt T-lymphocyte cloning assay, which detects mutations occurring in vivo in humans, has been used to examine mutants induced in patients receiving radioimmunoglobulin therapy (RIT) for cancer. Samples from 13 patients before treatment (controls) and 15 samples from 12 patients after treatment were studied for both mutant frequencies and molecular changes in the hprt mutant T-cell clones. Patients were studied up to 48 months after treatment. Post-RIT patients showed increased mutant frequencies as compared to pre-treatment values. T-cell receptor (TCR) gene analysis of mutant T-cell clones demonstrated that 84% arose independently, both pre- and post-treatment, which is the same proportion as seen in normal individuals. However, several individuals did show large sets of mutants with the same TCR gene rearrangement patterns. Molecular analysis of mutants demonstrated a greater proportion of mutations with hprt gene changes on Southern blots after RIT treatment than before (40% versus 20%). RIT increases the proportion of mutations with total rather than partial gene deletions or other gross structural changes compared to normal individuals or pre-treatment patients. These studies are defining the spectrum for radiation-induced hprt gene mutations in vivo in human T-lymphocytes. 相似文献