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Yukio Takahata Shigeru Suzuki Naobi Okayasu Hideki Sugiura Hiroyuki Takahashi Juichi Yamagiwa Kosei Izawa Naoki Agetsuma David Hill Chiemi Saito Shizue Sato Toshiaki Tanaka David Sprague 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(2):245-251
For the wild Japanese macaques of Yakushima and Kinkazan Islands, we analyzed the relationship between the troop size or the
number of adult females of each troop, infant/adult female ratio (IFR; crude birth rate), and infant mortality (IM) in habitats
with no predators. In Yakushima, IFR was positively correlated to troop size and the number of adult females. In Kinkazan,
however, IFR tended to decrease with the number of adult females. This difference may be due to the difference in troop size;
i.e. in Yakushima, where troop size was small, IFR may increase with that of troop size, because a relatively larger troop
is likely to the advantage in intertroop competition. In Kinkazan, where troop size was large, however, IFR is likely to decrease
with troop size, because intratroop competition may increase. Thus, the present data roughly supportWrangham's model of the social structure of female-bonded primates, and suggests that there is an optimal troop size for birth rate
(BR). On the other hand, there was no clear correlation between IM and the troop size or number of adult females of each troop. 相似文献
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Furuichi Takeshi Idani Gen'ichi Ihobe Hiroshi Kuroda Suehisa Kitamura Koji Mori Akio Enomoto Tomoo Okayasu Naobi Hashimoto Chie Kano Takayoshi 《International journal of primatology》1998,19(6):1029-1043
We analyzed population dynamics and birth seasonality of wild bonobos at Wamba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, based on 20 years of observations (1976–1996). Wamba Bonobo infant mortality is much lower than that reported for chimpanzees. This seemes to be related to several socioecological characteristics of bonobos: the use of abundant fruit and herbaceous foods, larger food patch size, female feeding priority, and the absence of infanticide. The mean interval between live births of 4.8 years is shorter than those reported for chimpanzees, and some females simultaneously carried and nursed two successive offspring. Mother–offspring conflicts, such as refusal of suckling attempts and interference with mothers' copulation, which are common in chimpanzees, are rare in Wamba bonobos. A birth peak seems to occur during the light rainy season from March to May, just after the season with the least rainfall. This timing of births is similar to those reported for chimpanzee populations, and might benefit both mother and offspring by maximizing the amount of time before the next dry season. 相似文献
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Reproduction of wild Japanese macaque females of Yakushima and Kinkazan Islands: A preliminary report 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yukio Takahata Shigeru Suzuki Naoki Agetsuma Naobi Okayasu Hideki Sugiura Hiroyuki Takahashi Juichi Yamagiwa Kosei Izawa Takeshi Furuichi David A. Hill Tamaki Maruhashi Chiemi Saito Shizue Saito David S. Sprague 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(3):339-349
Wild Japanese macaque females of the Yakushima and Kinkazan populations exhibited similar reproductive features. (1) Births/female/year
(BR: 0.27–0.35) was lower than those of provisioned troops, but (2) infant mortality (IM: 0.23–0.25) was higher than those
of provisioned troops. (3) The interbirth interval (IBI) following the death of infants was 1.5–1.6 years, shorter than that
following surviving infants (2.2–2.4 yrs). (4) Birth sex ratio (BSR) did not differ from 1∶1. There was no consistent correlation
between (5) female age and IM, (6) maternal rank and offspring BSR, or (7) maternal rank and reproductive success. On the
other hand, (8) BR of Yakushima females was significantly lower than that of Kinkazan females. In particular, (9) Yakushima
females stopped reproduction earlier than Kinkazan females, although (10) the first birth of Yakushima females was about one
year earlier than Kinkazan females. (11) BR exhibited a humped curve against female age in Yakushima, but it was uncertain
whether old-aged females of Kinkazan exhibited a post-reproductive life span (PRLS). (12) The survivorship for female juveniles
was lower than that for male juveniles in Yakushima, whereas the survivorship for male juveniles was lower than that for female
juveniles in Kinkazan. These data may indicate that Yakushima females more severely compete for resources than Kinkazan females,
because of high population density, whereas the population density of Kinkazan might be limited by climate (e.g. heavy snow)
rather than density dependent ecological effects. 相似文献
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We have found evidence that wild chimpanzees used stout sticks to dig into one end of a decayed fallen trunk from the side
and a long stick with a frayed end to dig into or brush its stump, in the Moukalaba Reserve, Gabon. This type of stick use
by wild chimpanzees has not been recorded in any habitat. This finding should contribute to future studies and discussions
of variations in tool use and cultural processes among wild chimpanzees.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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Yukio Takahata Shigeru Suzuki Naobi Okayasu David Hill 《American journal of primatology》1994,33(4):317-322
A wild Japanese macaque troop decreased in size because the birth rate dropped and infant mortality increased. In the 1989 mating season, the last male left the troop, and the remaining two females joined a neighboring troop. Thus, the troop ceased to exist as an independent troop. A lower limit to troop size may exist, below which a troop cannot effectively defend its range, forcing the females to join a larger troop. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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