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Grace E. El Azar Rima R. Habib Ziyad Mahfoud Mutassem El-Fadel Rami Zurayk Mey Jurdi Iman Nuwayhid 《EcoHealth》2009,6(2):169-179
An ecosystem approach to human health was adopted in a community-based study carried out in Bebnine, an underserved town in
Lebanon. The objective of the study is to examine the association between women’s household practices and diarrhea among children
in a setting where contaminated drinking water and intestinal diseases are common. A total of 280 women were randomly selected
and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected on 712 children between the ages of 6 and 14. The study
instrument included determinants of diarrhea such as sociodemographic characteristics, water, sanitation, hygiene practices,
gender variables, and behavioral risk factors. Multivariate regression analysis was employed to examine the association between
water handling practices and diarrhea. The prevalence of diarrhea is 5%. Female children are more likely to suffer from diarrhea
than male children (OR = 2.58; 95% CI: 1.19–5.62). Treatment of drinking water at the household level and the use of drinking
water for cooking and the preparation of hot beverages are protective against diarrhea (OR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.03–0.65). Female
caretakers’ behaviors such as daily bathing and seeking medical care at times of illness are protective against diarrhea in
children. The findings suggest that diarrhea is a gendered health problem. Female children, who are generally more involved
in household activities than male children, are at higher risk of suffering from diarrhea. Female caretakers’ personal hygiene,
household practices, and perceptions of diarrhea are additional risk factors. Intervention activities would be more effective
if based on a better understanding of gender roles and household power relations. 相似文献
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Controlled landfilling remains a commonly applied method for municipal solid waste disposal with leachate generation being an inevitable consequence of the decomposition of the waste and the percolation of water through decomposing waste. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has evolved into an effective process in treating such high strength wastewater streams because of its ability to retain high biomass concentration through membrane separation. This paper presents a critical review of the application of the MBR technology for the treatment of leachate and evaluates its performance in this context while highlighting factors affecting MBR operation. The paper concludes with outlining existing gaps and future research needs to improve the understanding and performance of the MBR technology for leachate treatment. 相似文献
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Diversity of juvenile fish assemblages in the pelagic waters of Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oxygen consumption rates of nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana Kellogg 1906 were determined over a range of salinities from 10 to 110 ppm, in temperatures from 0 to 30°C, using a multi-factorial
design. The oxygen micro-sensors employed have a fast response time and are capable of accurately measuring oxygen concentrations
at temperatures well below 0°C. Oxygen uptake rate ranged from 0.03 to 0.66 μmol O2 mg−1 h−1 and was sensitive to changes in both salinity and temperature. Temperature was the dominant factor affecting oxygen consumption
rates, which showed a significant increase with increasing temperature. A slight decrease was measured in oxygen consumption
with increasing salinity related to differential solubility of oxygen in waters of different salinities. Thermal sensitivity
of oxygen consumption determined from calculations of Q
10, indicated physiological adaptation of Artemia nauplii to the ranges of temperatures tested.
Handling editor: A. van Kerchove 相似文献
4.
Khaled W. Salam Mutasem El-Fadel Elie K. Barbour Pascal E. Saikaly 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2014,98(20):8707-8718
The development of rapid detection assays of cell viability is essential for monitoring the microbiological quality of water systems. Coupling propidium monoazide with quantitative PCR (PMA-qPCR) has been successfully applied in different studies for the detection and quantification of viable cells in small-volume samples (0.25–1.00 mL), but it has not been evaluated sufficiently in marine environments or in large-volume samples. In this study, we successfully integrated blue light-emitting diodes for photoactivating PMA and membrane filtration into the PMA-qPCR assay for the rapid detection and quantification of viable Enterococcus faecalis cells in 10-mL samples of marine waters. The assay was optimized in phosphate-buffered saline and seawater, reducing the qPCR signal of heat-killed E. faecalis cells by 4 log10 and 3 log10 units, respectively. Results suggest that high total dissolved solid concentration (32 g/L) in seawater can reduce PMA activity. Optimal PMA-qPCR standard curves with a 6-log dynamic range and detection limit of 102 cells/mL were generated for quantifying viable E. faecalis cells in marine waters. The developed assay was compared with the standard membrane filter (MF) method by quantifying viable E. faecalis cells in seawater samples exposed to solar radiation. The results of the developed PMA-qPCR assay did not match that of the standard MF method. This difference in the results reflects the different physiological states of E. faecalis cells in seawater. In conclusion, the developed assay is a rapid (~5 h) method for the quantification of viable E. faecalis cells in marine recreational waters, which should be further improved and tested in different seawater settings. 相似文献
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