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1.
Uxmal and Tulum are two important Mayan sites in the Yucatan peninsula. The buildings are mainly composed of limestone and grey/black discoloration is seen on exposed walls and copious greenish biofilms on inner walls. The principal microorganisms detected on interior walls at both Uxmal and Tulum were cyanobacteria; heterotrophic bacteria and filamentous fungi were also present. A dark‐pigmented mitosporic fungus and Bacillus cereus, both isolated from Uxmal, were shown to be acidogenic in laboratory cultures. Cyanobacteria belonging to rock‐degrading genera Synechocystis and Gloeocapsa were identified at both sites. Surface analysis previously showed that calcium ions were present in the biofilms on buildings at Uxmal and Tulum, suggesting the deposition of biosolubilized stone. Apart from their potential to degrade the substrate, the coccoid cyanobacteria supply organic nutrients for bacteria and fungi, which can produce organic acids, further increasing stone degradation. 相似文献
2.
Novak V Yang AC Lepicovsky L Goldberger AL Lipsitz LA Peng CK 《Biomedical engineering online》2004,3(1):39
Background
This study evaluated the effects of stroke on regulation of cerebral blood flow in response to fluctuations in systemic blood pressure (BP). The autoregulatory dynamics are difficult to assess because of the nonstationarity and nonlinearity of the component signals.Methods
We studied 15 normotensive, 20 hypertensive and 15 minor stroke subjects (48.0 ± 1.3 years). BP and blood flow velocities (BFV) from middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were measured during the Valsalva maneuver (VM) using transcranial Doppler ultrasound.Results
A new technique, multimodal pressure-flow analysis (MMPF), was implemented to analyze these short, nonstationary signals. MMPF analysis decomposes complex BP and BFV signals into multiple empirical modes, representing their instantaneous frequency-amplitude modulation. The empirical mode corresponding to the VM BP profile was used to construct the continuous phase diagram and to identify the minimum and maximum values from the residual BP (BPR) and BFV (BFVR) signals. The BP-BFV phase shift was calculated as the difference between the phase corresponding to the BPR and BFVR minimum (maximum) values. BP-BFV phase shifts were significantly different between groups. In the normotensive group, the BFVR minimum and maximum preceded the BPR minimum and maximum, respectively, leading to large positive values of BP-BFV shifts.Conclusion
In the stroke and hypertensive groups, the resulting BP-BFV phase shift was significantly smaller compared to the normotensive group. A standard autoregulation index did not differentiate the groups. The MMPF method enables evaluation of autoregulatory dynamics based on instantaneous BP-BFV phase analysis. Regulation of BP-BFV dynamics is altered with hypertension and after stroke, rendering blood flow dependent on blood pressure.3.
Danilo E Xavier Renata C Picão Raquel Girardello Lorena CC Fehlberg Ana C Gales 《BMC microbiology》2010,10(1):217
Background
Multi-drug efflux pumps have been increasingly recognized as a major component of resistance in P. aeruginosa. We have investigated the expression level of efflux systems among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, regardless of their antimicrobial susceptibility profile. 相似文献4.
Anna CC Aguiar Ananda C Cunha Isabela Penna Ceravolo Regina A Correia Gon?alves Arildo JB Oliveira Antoniana Ursine Krettli 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2015,110(7):906-913
Several species of Aspidosperma plants are used to treat diseases in
the tropics, including Aspidosperma ramiflorum, which acts against
leishmaniasis, an activity that is experimentally confirmed. The species, known as
guatambu-yellow, yellow peroba,
coffee-peroba andmatiambu, grows in the Atlantic
Forest of Brazil in the South to the Southeast regions. Through a guided
biofractionation of A. ramiflorum extracts, the plant activity
against Plasmodium falciparum was evaluated in vitro for toxicity
towards human hepatoma G2 cells, normal monkey kidney cells and nonimmortalised human
monocytes isolated from peripheral blood. Six of the seven extracts tested were
active at low doses (half-maximal drug inhibitory concentration < 3.8 µg/mL); the
aqueous extract was inactive. Overall, the plant extracts and the purified compounds
displayed low toxicity in vitro. A nonsoluble extract fraction and one purified
alkaloid isositsirikine (compound 5) displayed high selectivity indexes (SI) (= 56
and 113, respectively), whereas compounds 2 and 3 were toxic (SI < 10). The
structure, activity and low toxicity of isositsirikine in vitro are described here
for the first time in A. ramiflorum, but only the neutral and
precipitate plant fractions were tested for activity, which caused up to 53%
parasitaemia inhibition of Plasmodium berghei in mice with
blood-induced malaria. This plant species is likely to be useful in the further
development of an antimalarial drug, but its pharmacological evaluation is still
required. 相似文献
5.
Claudia T Guimaraes Christiano C Simoes Maria Marta Pastina Lyza G Maron Jurandir V Magalhaes Renato CC Vasconcellos Lauro JM Guimaraes Ubiraci GP Lana Carlos FS Tinoco Roberto W Noda Silvia N Jardim-Belicuas Leon V Kochian Vera MC Alves Sidney N Parentoni 《BMC genomics》2014,15(1)
Background
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is an important limitation to food security in tropical and subtropical regions. High Al saturation on acid soils limits root development, reducing water and nutrient uptake. In addition to naturally occurring acid soils, agricultural practices may decrease soil pH, leading to yield losses due to Al toxicity. Elucidating the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying maize Al tolerance is expected to accelerate the development of Al-tolerant cultivars.Results
Five genomic regions were significantly associated with Al tolerance, using 54,455 SNP markers in a recombinant inbred line population derived from Cateto Al237. Candidate genes co-localized with Al tolerance QTLs were further investigated. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) developed for ZmMATE2 were as Al-sensitive as the recurrent line, indicating that this candidate gene was not responsible for the Al tolerance QTL on chromosome 5, qALT5. However, ZmNrat1, a maize homolog to OsNrat1, which encodes an Al3+ specific transporter previously implicated in rice Al tolerance, was mapped at ~40 Mbp from qALT5. We demonstrate for the first time that ZmNrat1 is preferentially expressed in maize root tips and is up-regulated by Al, similarly to OsNrat1 in rice, suggesting a role of this gene in maize Al tolerance. The strongest-effect QTL was mapped on chromosome 6 (qALT6), within a 0.5 Mbp region where three copies of the Al tolerance gene, ZmMATE1, were found in tandem configuration. qALT6 was shown to increase Al tolerance in maize; the qALT6-NILs carrying three copies of ZmMATE1 exhibited a two-fold increase in Al tolerance, and higher expression of ZmMATE1 compared to the Al sensitive recurrent parent. Interestingly, a new source of Al tolerance via ZmMATE1 was identified in a Brazilian elite line that showed high expression of ZmMATE1 but carries a single copy of ZmMATE1.Conclusions
High ZmMATE1 expression, controlled either by three copies of the target gene or by an unknown molecular mechanism, is responsible for Al tolerance mediated by qALT6. As Al tolerant alleles at qALT6 are rare in maize, marker-assisted introgression of this QTL is an important strategy to improve maize adaptation to acid soils worldwide.Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-153) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献6.
D A Demarchi G M Panzetta-Dutari C C Motran M A López de Basualdo A J Marcellino 《American journal of physical anthropology》2001,115(3):199-203
Mitochondrial DNA from 141 individuals was typed for diagnostic restriction sites and the 9-bp region V deletion to examine the distribution of the founding mtDNA lineage haplotypes in three Amerindian populations (Mataco, Toba, and Pilagá) who currently inhabit the Argentinian part of the Gran Chaco. All four lineages were identified in the three tribes and four population samples studied. Disregarding ethnic or geographic origin, haplogroups B and D exhibit high incidence among the Gran Chaco inhabitants, whereas haplogroups A and C are present in a lower frequency. Three individuals possess none of the characteristic markers and, therefore, could not be assigned to one of those lineages. A neighbor-joining representation of F(ST) distances reflects the current geographic location of the populations, and this also corresponds to their historic distribution. After separating South America into four major regions (Tropical Forest, Andes, Gran Chaco, and Patagonia-Tierra del Fuego), the Gran Chaco populations present the highest average intragroup variability (Hs = 0.64) as well as the lowest intergroup diversity (G(')(ST) = 0.06). These findings suggest high levels of gene flow among the Chaco tribes, as well as with neighbor populations from outside the region. 相似文献
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8.
Stephan P. Frankenfeld Leonardo P. Oliveira Victor H. Ortenzi Igor CC. Rego-Monteiro Elen A. Chaves Andrea C. Ferreira Alvaro C. Leit?o Denise P. Carvalho Rodrigo S. Fortunato 《PloS one》2014,9(9)
The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) may cause side effects in several tissues. Oxidative stress is linked to the pathophysiology of most of these alterations, being involved in fibrosis, cellular proliferation, tumorigenesis, amongst others. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of supraphysiological doses of nandrolone decanoate (DECA) on the redox balance of liver, heart and kidney. Wistar male rats were treated with intramuscular injections of vehicle or DECA (1 mg.100 g−1 body weight) once a week for 8 weeks. The activity and mRNA levels of NADPH Oxidase (NOX), and the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the reduced thiol and carbonyl residue proteins, were measured in liver, heart and kidney. DECA treatment increased NOX activity in heart and liver, but NOX2 mRNA levels were only increased in heart. Liver catalase and SOD activities were decreased in the DECA-treated group, but only catalase activity was decreased in the kidney. No differences were detected in GPx activity. Thiol residues were decreased in the liver and kidney of treated animals in comparison to the control group, while carbonyl residues were increased in the kidney after the treatment. Taken together, our results show that chronically administered DECA is able to disrupt the cellular redox balance, leading to an oxidative stress state. 相似文献
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10.
Tainá CC Monte Rosana Gentile Juberlan Garcia Ester Mota Jeannie N Santos Arnaldo Maldonado Júnior 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(8):1057-1063
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the etiologic agent of eosinophilic
meningoencephalitis in humans. Cases have been recorded in many parts of the world,
including Brazil. The aim of this study was to compare the differences in the biology
and morphology of two different Brazilian haplotypes of A. : ac8 and
ac9. A significantly larger number of L1 larvae eliminated in the faeces of rodents
at the beginning of the patent period was observed for ac9 haplotype and compared to
the total of L1 larvae eliminated, there was a significant difference between the two
haplotypes. The ac9 haplotype showed a significant difference in the proportion of
female and male specimens (0.6:1), but the same was not observed for ac8 (1.2:1). The
morphometric analysis showed that male and female specimens isolated from ac8
haplotype were significantly larger with respect to body length, oesophagus length,
spicule length (male) and distance from the anus to the rear end (female) compared to
specimens from ac9. The morphological analysis by light microscopy showed little
variation in the level of bifurcations at the lateral rays in the right lobe of the
copulatory bursa between the two haplotypes. The biological, morphological and
morphometric variations observed between the two haplotypes agree with the observed
variation at the molecular level using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I marker and
reinforce the possible influence of geographical isolation on the development of
these haplotypes. 相似文献