新城病毒浓缩法的初步报告

近年来国内农业科举研究机关进行新城病疫苗的制造,一般制造的疫苗为鸡胚富尔马林疫苗或鸡胚化毒力减弱病毒疫苗(粟寿初与马闻天,1950;李善达,1951;杜念兴,1954)。作者在过去报告中(高尚荫,1952)曾指出在其它条件固定的情况下,有机     

应用杆状病毒载体在昆虫细胞系统中表达乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原基因

构建了同时带有乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原基因和大肠杆菌的β-半乳糖苷酶基因的杆状病毒转移载体质粒pVL941lacHBS。应用磷酸钙沉淀技术将pVL941lacHBS DNA转入事先用AcNPV感染过的Sf9细胞,在显色剂X-gal存在下,筛选无多角体的蓝色蚀斑。经过若干次蚀斑纯化,最后获得含乙肝病毒表面抗原基因和β-半乳糖苷酶基因的重组杆状病毒R-AcV941LS。 用R-AcV941LS感染Sf9细胞,在感染后72～96小时,用RPHA和RIA分别检测组织培养上清液和细胞裂解液中的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原含量。结果,组织培养上清液为3.83μg/1×10~6～2×10~6细胞;细胞裂解液为4.39μg/1×10~6～2×10~6细胞。乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原的合成总量为8.22μg/1×10~6～2×10~6细胞。免疫电镜观察显示表达产物呈约22nm的球形颗粒。小鼠免疫接种实验结果表明,以R-AcV941LS感染Sf9细胞表达的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原与在哺乳动物细胞系表达的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原具有相近似的免疫原性。     

应用明胶凝集颗粒试验检测人群中T细胞白血病病毒抗体

曾毅等报道,应用间接免疫荧光法(IIF)检测了8,279份正常成年人血清标本,发现3例T细胞白血病病毒(HTLV)抗体阳性:一例马杨氏,丈夫是日本人(HTLV抗体也阳性),侨居南京46年;第二例是台湾籍妇女;第三例是位侨居北京的日本人。650份各类白血病病人血清中,一例成人T细胞白血病患者HTLV抗体阳性,此人是船员,常去日本。     

Substrate recognition of nitrogenase-like dark operative protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase from Prochlorococcus marinus

Chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis requires the two-electron reduction of protochlorophyllide a ringDbya protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase to form chlorophyllide a. A light-dependent (light-dependent Pchlide oxidoreductase (LPOR)) and an unrelated dark operative enzyme (dark operative Pchlide oxidoreductase (DPOR)) are known. DPOR plays an important role in chlorophyll biosynthesis of gymnosperms, mosses, ferns, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria in the absence of light. Although DPOR shares significant amino acid sequence homologies with nitrogenase, only the initial catalytic steps resemble nitrogenase catalysis. Substrate coordination and subsequent [Fe-S] cluster-dependent catalysis were proposed to be unrelated. Here we characterized the first cyanobacterial DPOR consisting of the homodimeric protein complex ChlL(2) and a heterotetrameric protein complex (ChlNB)(2). The ChlL(2) dimer contains one EPR active [4Fe-4S] cluster, whereas the (ChlNB)(2) complex exhibited EPR signals for two [4Fe-4S] clusters with differences in their g values and temperature-dependent relaxation behavior. These findings indicate variations in the geometry of the individual [4Fe-4S] clusters found in (ChlNB)(2). For the analysis of DPOR substrate recognition, 11 synthetic derivatives with altered substituents on the four pyrrole rings and the isocyclic ring plus eight chlorophyll biosynthetic intermediates were tested as DPOR substrates. Although DPOR tolerated minor modifications of the ring substituents on rings A-C, the catalytic target ring D was apparently found to be coordinated with high specificity. Furthermore, protochlorophyllide a, the corresponding [8-vinyl]-derivative and protochlorophyllide b were equally utilized as substrates. Distinct differences from substrate binding by LPOR were observed. Alternative biosynthetic routes for cyanobacterial chlorophyll biosynthesis with regard to the reduction of the C8-vinyl group and the interconversion of a chlorophyll a/b type C7 methyl/formyl group were deduced.     

ATP-driven reduction by dark-operative protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase from Chlorobium tepidum mechanistically resembles nitrogenase catalysis

During chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis in gymnosperms, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria, dark-operative protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (DPOR) reduces ring D of aromatic protochlorophyllide stereospecifically to produce chlorophyllide. We describe the heterologous overproduction of DPOR subunits BchN, BchB, and BchL from Chlorobium tepidum in Escherichia coli allowing their purification to apparent homogeneity. The catalytic activity was found to be 3.15 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) with K(m) values of 6.1 microm for protochlorophyllide, 13.5 microm for ATP, and 52.7 microm for the reductant dithionite. To identify residues important in DPOR function, 21 enzyme variants were generated by site-directed mutagenesis and investigated for their metal content, spectroscopic features, and catalytic activity. Two cysteine residues (Cys(97) and Cys(131)) of homodimeric BchL(2) are found to coordinate an intersubunit [4Fe-4S] cluster, essential for low potential electron transfer to (BchNB)(2) as part of the reduction of the protochlorophyllide substrate. Similarly, Lys(10) and Leu(126) are crucial to ATP-driven electron transfer from BchL(2). The activation energy of DPOR electron transfer is 22.2 kJ mol(-1) indicating a requirement for 4 ATP per catalytic cycle. At the amino acid level, BchL is 33% identical to the nitrogenase subunit NifH allowing a first tentative structural model to be proposed. In (BchNB)(2), we find that four cysteine residues, three from BchN (Cys(21), Cys(46), and Cys(103)) and one from BchB (Cys(94)), coordinate a second inter-subunit [4Fe-4S] cluster required for catalysis. No evidence for any type of molybdenum-containing cofactor was found, indicating that the DPOR subunit BchN clearly differs from the homologous nitrogenase subunit NifD. Based on the available data we propose an enzymatic mechanism of DPOR.     

克隆化探针中载体与临床样品同源性的研究

当前,克隆化探针(由病毒核酸片段和细菌质粒一载体组成)在临床样品的实验诊断和研究中得到了应用。它具有简便、快速、灵敏等优点,并有助于检测那些难于或不能培养的病毒。但是克隆化探针中载体与临床样品的同源性问题应引起重视。我们用常见的克隆载体pBR322作探针,用核酸点杂交和Southern吸印方法,检测了来自173人的213例样品。结果表明,在常用的临床样品:人宫颈脱落细胞、宫颈活检组织、血液中都含有pBR322 DNA的同源序列,这就意味着如果用克隆化探针检测这些临床样品时,可能出现样品与载体发生非特异性反应,而不是与病毒基因片段的特异性反应。实验还表明,经一次电泳纯化的病毒基因片段与pBR322探针杂交,阳性信号明显减弱,但没有完全消失,说明仍有少量pBR322污染。因此,在运用克隆化探针检测临床各类样品时,各系统要按常规设载体探针对照,或者用多次纯化的分离病毒基因片段作探针,以排除载体与临床样品的同源性问题。     

Glutamate recognition and hydride transfer by Escherichia coli glutamyl-tRNA reductase

The initial step of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in Escherichia coli involves the NADPH-dependent reduction by glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) of tRNA-bound glutamate to glutamate-1-semialdehyde. We evaluated the contribution of the glutamate moiety of glutamyl-tRNA to substrate specificity in vitro using a range of substrates and enzyme variants. Unexpectedly, we found that tRNA(Glu) mischarged with glutamine was a substrate for purified recombinant GluTR. Similarly unexpectedly, the substitution of amino acid residues involved in glutamate side chain binding (S109A, T49V, R52K) or in stabilizing the arginine 52 glutamate interaction (glutamate 54 and histidine 99) did not abrogate enzyme activity. Replacing glutamine 116 and glutamate 114, involved in glutamate-enzyme interaction near the aminoacyl bond to tRNA(Glu), by leucine and lysine, respectively, however, did abolish reductase activity. We thus propose that the ester bond between glutamate and tRNA(Glu) represents the crucial determinant for substrate recognition by GluTR, whereas the necessity for product release by a 'back door' exit allows for a degree of structural variability in the recognition of the amino acid moiety. Analyzing the esterase activity, which occured in the absence of NADPH, of GluTR variants using the substrate 4-nitrophenyl acetate confirmed the crucial role of cysteine 50 for thioester formation. Finally, the GluTR variant Q116L was observed to lack reductase activity whereas esterase activity was retained. Structure-based molecular modeling indicated that glutamine 116 may be crucial in positioning the nicotinamide group of NADPH to allow for productive hydride transfer to the substrate. Our data thus provide new information about the distinct function of active site residues of GluTR from E. coli.