全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1315篇 |
免费 | 119篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 12篇 |
2022年 | 13篇 |
2021年 | 40篇 |
2020年 | 28篇 |
2019年 | 37篇 |
2018年 | 25篇 |
2017年 | 27篇 |
2016年 | 49篇 |
2015年 | 77篇 |
2014年 | 85篇 |
2013年 | 84篇 |
2012年 | 148篇 |
2011年 | 101篇 |
2010年 | 55篇 |
2009年 | 45篇 |
2008年 | 49篇 |
2007年 | 57篇 |
2006年 | 43篇 |
2005年 | 41篇 |
2004年 | 31篇 |
2003年 | 32篇 |
2002年 | 25篇 |
2001年 | 26篇 |
2000年 | 22篇 |
1999年 | 13篇 |
1998年 | 11篇 |
1997年 | 11篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 18篇 |
1989年 | 14篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 5篇 |
1967年 | 4篇 |
1887年 | 6篇 |
1886年 | 6篇 |
1885年 | 8篇 |
1884年 | 3篇 |
1883年 | 8篇 |
1882年 | 4篇 |
1875年 | 6篇 |
1874年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有1434条查询结果,搜索用时 296 毫秒
1.
2.
C. F. C. Klütsch B. Misof W.-R. Grosse R. F. A. Moritz 《Journal of Biogeography》2007,34(7):1124-1135
Aim Anole lizards (Reptilia: Sauria: Polychrotidae) display remarkable morphological and genetic differentiation between island populations. Morphological differences between islands are probably due to both adaptive (e.g. differential resource exploitation and intra‐ or interspecific competition) and non‐adaptive differentiation in allopatry. Anoles are well known for their extreme diversity and rapid adaptive speciation on islands. The main aim of this study was to use tests of morphological and genetic differentiation to investigate the population structure and colonization history of islands of the Islas de Bahia, off the coast of Honduras. Location Five populations of Norops bicaorum and Norops lemurinus were sampled, four from islands of the Islas de Bahia and one from the mainland of Honduras. Methods Body size and weight differentiation were measured in order to test for significant differences between sexes and populations. In addition, individuals were genotyped using the amplified fragment length polymorphism technique. Bayesian model‐based and assignment/exclusion methods were used to study genetic differentiation between island and mainland populations and to test colonization hypotheses. Results Assignment tests suggested migration from the mainland to the Cayos Cochinos, and from there independently to both Utila and Roatán, whereas migration between Utila and Roatán was lacking. Migration from the mainland to Utila was inferred, but was much less frequent. Morphologically, individuals from Utila appeared to be significantly different in comparison with all other localities. Significant differentiation between males of Roatán and the mainland was found in body size, whereas no significant difference was detected between the mainland and the Cayos Cochinos. Main conclusions Significant genetic and morphological differentiation was found among populations. A stepping‐stone model for colonization, in combination with an independent migration to Utila and Roatán, was suggested by assignment tests and was compatible with the observed morphological differentiation. 相似文献
3.
A note on the hatching and viability ofCeriodaphnia ephippia collected from lake sediment 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Christian Moritz 《Hydrobiologia》1987,145(1):309-314
Ephippia ofCeriodaphnia pulchella Sars were collected at 2 sites from successive sediment layers.
Hatching observed in the laboratory gave information about the duration of their viability. Conclusions about the hatching
situation in the lake were drawn from the ratio of intact to total ephippia at various lake depths. The results are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Assembly of 60S ribosomal subunits is perturbed in temperature-sensitive yeast mutants defective in ribosomal protein L16. 总被引:23,自引:14,他引:9 下载免费PDF全文
Temperature-sensitive mutants defective in 60S ribosomal subunit protein L16 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated through hydroxylamine mutagenesis of the RPL16B gene and plasmid shuffling. Two heat-sensitive and two cold-sensitive isolates were characterized. The growth of the four mutants is inhibited at their restrictive temperatures. However, many of the cells remain viable if returned to their permissive temperatures. All of the mutants are deficient in 60S ribosomal subunits and therefore accumulate translational preinitiation complexes. Three of the mutants exhibit a shortage of mature 25S rRNA, and one accumulates rRNA precursors. The accumulation of rRNA precursors suggests that ribosome assembly may be slowed in this mutant. These phenotypes lead us to propose that mutants containing the rpl16b alleles are defective for 60S subunit assembly rather than function. In the mutant carrying the rpl16b-1 allele, ribosomes initiate translation at the noncanonical codon AUA, at least on the rpl16b-1 mRNA, bringing to light a possible connection between the rate and the fidelity of translation initiation. 相似文献
5.
T Ratajczak M J Brockway R H?hnel R L Moritz R J Simpson 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1988,156(1):116-124
Tryptic peptides generated from bovine estrogen receptor have been fractionated and purified using microbore column high performance liquid chromatography. Sequence analysis performed on six of these peptides, derived from diverse structural regions of the receptor protein, yielded 73 unique assignments corresponding to approximately 12% of the molecule. The amino acid sequences of these peptides displayed a high degree of similarity with corresponding sequences from estrogen receptors of mammalian origin, but were only moderately conserved in receptors from non-mammalian species. The sequenced residues of one tryptic peptide, positioned in the estrogen binding domain, were fully conserved in all estrogen receptors. 相似文献
6.
7.
Heterogeneity of macrophage populations in human lymphoid tissue and peripheral blood 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Human lymphoid tissue and peripheral blood leukocytes were stained with six monoclonal antibodies directed against monocyte/macrophage populations. The staining pattern described by each of these monoclonal reagents was compared with the distribution of morphologically distinguishable tissue macrophages. The results show that there exists considerable heterogeneity of tissue macrophages based on the expression of surface and/or cytoplasmic antigens; furthermore, the distribution of cells bearing particular antigenic determinants is associated with distinct regions in normal lymphoid tissue. Double staining methods demonstrated that these antibodies bind to different, as well as to identical, macrophage populations. OKM-1 antibody binds predominantly to sinus histiocytes and tingible body macrophages. The Leu M-1 reagent stains interdigitating reticulum cells, while the KiM-4 antibody labels follicular dendritic cells. Leu M-3 antibody identifies cells predominantly in the germinal center, and histiocytes lining the sinuses. Both CM-1 and BRL-M.1 appear to stain tissue macrophages distributed throughout the lymphoid tissue. 相似文献
8.
R Burger K Reske U Mauer D von Steldern M Husmann 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》1983,131(3):1350-1355
Monoclonal antibodies (Ab) were produced that specifically recognized guinea pig T cells. FACS analysis revealed that Ab 188 bound to the majority of peripheral T lymphocytes of strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs and to a minor population of thymocytes. It failed to react with the Ia-bearing guinea pig B cell leukemia line EN-L2C, with macrophages, bone marrow cells, erythrocytes, or thrombocytes. Treatment of T cells with Ab 188 and complement prevented T cell activation. Culturing primed T cells with antigen- or mitogen-pulsed syngeneic or with allogeneic macrophages in the continuous presence of Ab 188 produced a marked, dose-dependent inhibition of T cell proliferation. The antigen defined by Ab 188 was therefore designated guinea pig T lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1, gp TFA-1. The magnitude of inhibition by Ab 188 varied between 65 and 85% whereas three other antibodies to guinea pig T cells had no inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation. Time course experiments revealed that gp TFA-1 is critically involved in an early phase of T cell activation. Maximal inhibition was achieved only if the antibody was present from the beginning of the cell culture; the addition of antibody after 24 hr of culture no longer had an inhibitory effect. Ab 188 did not induce T cell mitogenesis. Two-dimensional analysis (one-dimensional, IEF; two-dimensional, SDS-PAGE) of immunoprecipitates obtained from NP40 lysates of [35S]methionine-labeled T cell blasts indicated that a molecule was specifically precipitated that consisted of two noncovalently associated polypeptide chains with apparent m.w. of 43,000 and 38,000. Both subunits displayed extensive charge heterogeneity focusing at an average isoelectric point of 5.0 and 6.5, respectively. The gp TFA-1 molecule exhibits striking similarities in its functional and structural properties to recently described clonotypically expressed T cell glycoproteins, which were shown to be involved in antigen recognition by T cells in the murine and human systems. 相似文献
9.
In a study of purine alkaloid catabolism pathways in coffee,14C-labelled theobromine, caffeine, theophylline and xanthine were incubated with leaves ofCoffea arabica. Incorporation of label into14CO2 was determined and methanol-soluble metabolites were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-radiocounting. The data obtained demonstrate catabolism of caffeine theophylline 3-methylxanthine xanthine. Xanthine is degraded further by the conventional purine catabolism pathway to CO2 and NH3 via uric acid, allantoin and allantoic acid. The conversion of caffeine to theophylline is the rate-limiting step in purine alkaloid catabolism and provides a ready explanation for the high concentration of endogenous caffeine found inC. arabica leaves. Although theobromine is converted primarily to caffeine, a small portion of the theobromine pool appears to be degraded to xanthine by a caffeine-independent pathway. In addition to being broken down to CO2, via the purine catabolism pathway, xanthine is metabolised to 7-methylxanthine. Metabolism of [2-14C]xanthine byC. arabica leaves in the presence of 5 mM allopurinol results in very large increases in incorporation of radioactivity into 7-methylxanthine as degradation of the substrate via the purine catabolism pathway is blocked. The identity of 7-methylxanthine in these studies was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.Abbreviations HPLC-RC
high-performance liquid chromatography-radiocounting
This work was supported by the British Council which provided H.A. with Japan-UK travel grants. F.M.G. was supported by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council grant to A.C. 相似文献
10.
Near-isogenic wheat lines differing in height-reducing (Rht) alleles, in each of two cultivars, were used to investigate the effects of light intensity and of their interaction with temperature and GA3 application, on the elongation of the coleoptile and the first seedling leaf. Darkness caused a conspicuous increase in the lengths of the coleoptile and of the sheath and lamina of the first leaf, in GA3 treated and untreated seedlings of all genotypes grown at 11 and 25°C. The genotype effects and the effects of light intensity and GA3 application on leaf length were ascribed entirely to their effects on the rate of leaf elongation since the duration of leaf elongation was not affected by these factors. Temperature elevation from 11 to 25°C caused a 55% shortening of the duration of leaf elongation and a concomitant increase in elongation rate, which diminished with increased genotypic dwarfness. Accordingly, temperature elevation resulted in a significant reduction in leaf-length of the light-grown dwarf genotypes and the dark-grown dwarf and semi-dwarf genotypes. It is suggested that this temperature × light × genotype interaction effect is due to environmental dependent upper limits of elongation rate set by the Rht alleles.Abbreviations PAR
Photosynthetic Active Radiation 相似文献