The respiration of insects at reduced pressures II. The uptake of oxygen by Tenebroides mauritanicus

The respiration of larvae of Tenebroides mauritanicus exposed to reduced pressures in air was measured in a specially designed chamber by means of gas chromatography. Both O₂ uptake and CO₂ output were progressively reduced as the pressure was lowered from 200 to 35 mm Hg. There were differences in the amounts of gases exchanged when the insects were exposed under dry or moist conditions. When expired CO₂ was allowed to accumulate, in some experiments it had a marked stimulating effect on O₂ uptake between 60 and 200 mm. The respiratory quotient at the various pressures was calculated and the values found under different conditions of pressure and moisture are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung In der ersten Veröffentlichung dieser Reihe beschrieben Monro, Dumas und Buckland (1962) die Kohlendioxyd-Ausatmung der Larven von T. mauritanicus bei verringertem atmosphärischen Druck. Unter 65 mm nahm die CO₂-Ausatmung deutlich und fortschreitend ab. Um zu zeigen, daß dieser Verringerung der CO₂-Produktion tatsächlich eine Abnahme der Atmung entspricht, wurde ein Apparat entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe O₂-Aufnahme und CO₂-Abgabe der Insekten gaschromatographisch gemessen werden konnten.Bei dreistündiger Exposition wurde unter den experimentellen Bedingungen gefunden, daß sich im Vergleich mit der Reaktion bei höherem Druck sowohl O₂-Aufnahme als auch CO₂-Abgabe bei 100, 60 und 30 mm fortschreitend verringert. Bei so niedrigem Druck war die Atmung während der Expositionszeit gleichmäßiger als bei höherem Druck, bei dem von Zeit zu Zeit deutliche Schwankungen auftraten. Bemerkenswert war ein deutlicher Unterschied in der Respirationsrate bei feuchtigkeitsgesättigter Luft und unter trockenen Bedingungen. Bei hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit war die O₂-Aufnahme zwischen 100 und 400 mm größer als bei Trockenheit und die CO₂-Abgabe war größer von 65 mm aufwärts. Daraus wird gefolgert, daß in diesem Druckbereich bei Trockenheit der Austausch beider Gase durch dauernden oder zeitweisen Verschluß der Atmungswege behindert wird.In einigen Versuchen wurde CO₂ durch Absorption aus der die Insekten umgebenden Atmosphäre entfernt. Abwesenheit von CO₂ verringerte die O₂-Aufnahme im Bereich von 60–200 mm besonders bei Feuchtigkeit. Bei Trockenheit war die O₂-Aufnahme bei hohem CO₂-Gehalt signifikant geringer. Hier mag wiederum Schließung der Atmungswege die stimulierende Wirkung des CO₂ vermindert haben.Berechnungen des Respirationsquotienten aus den verfügbaren Daten zeigen eine stetige Abnahme dieses Wertes mit abnehmendem Druck bei Feuchtigkeit, während der R.Q. in trockener Umgebung bei jedem Druck ziemlich konstant blieb. Es werden keine endgültigen Schlüsse aus diesen Berechnungen gezogen, aber es wird angenommen, daß die feuchte Umgebung einen freieren Gasaustausch durch die Atmungswege erlaubt und daher bessere Bedingungen zur Bestimmung des tatsächlichen R.Q.-Wertes bei vermindertem Druck bietet.

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In this paper pressures are given as absolute pressures expressed in mm Hg.     

Nucleotide variation at the hypervariable esterase 6 isozyme locus of Drosophila simulans

Esterase 6 (Est-6/EST6) is polymorphic in both Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans for two common allozyme forms, as well as for several other less common variants. Parallel latitudinal clines in the frequencies of the common EST6-F and EST6-S allozymes in these species have previously been interpreted in terms of a shared amino acid polymorphism that distinguishes the two variants and is subject to selection. Here we compare the sequences of four D. simulans Est-6 isolates and show that overall estimates of nucleotide heterozygosity in both coding and 5' flanking regions are more than threefold higher than those obtained previously for this gene in D. melanogaster. Nevertheless, the ratio of replacement to exon silent-site polymorphism in D. simulans is less than the ratio of replacement to silent divergence between D. simulans and D. melanogaster, which could be the result of increased efficiency of selection against replacement polymorphisms in D. simulans or to divergent selection between the two species. We also find that the amino acid polymorphisms separating EST6- F and EST6-S in D. simulans are not the same as those that separate these allozymes in D. melanogaster, implying that the shared clines do not reflect shared molecular targets for selection. All comparisons within and between the two species reveal a remarkable paucity of variation in a stretch of nearly 400 bp immediately 5' of the gene, indicative of strong selective constraint to retain essential aspects of Est-6 promoter function.      

The cost of cardiac surgery.

A study in Wessex has shown that at 1977 prices, and excluding the cost of equipment already installed in the unit, the cost of replacing a man''s aortic valve in this unit is about 1800 pounds. Nevertheless, this seems a small price to pay for return to health and full working capacity, particularly since such patients no longer need to draw social security benefits and their tax contributions will return to normal, thus probably paying for the operation within two years.     

EVOLUTIONARY CONSTRAINTS AND THE MAINTENANCE OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIALIZATION THROUGHOUT SUCCESSION

Constraints on life‐history traits, with their close links to fitness, are widely invoked as limits to niche expansion at most organizational levels. Theoretically, such constraints can maintain individual specialization by preventing adaptation to all niches available, but empirical evidence of them remains elusive for natural populations. This problem may be compounded by a tendency to seek constraints involving multiple traits, neglecting their added potential to manifest in trait expression across environments (i.e., within reaction norms). By replicating genotypes of a colonial marine invertebrate across successional stages in its local community, and taking a holistic approach to the analysis of ensuing reaction norms for fitness, we show the potential for individual specialization to be maintained by genetic constraints associated with these norms, which limit the potential for fitness at one successional stage to improve without loss of fitness at others. Our study provides new insight into the evolutionary maintenance of individual specialization in natural populations and reinforces the importance of reaction norms for studying this phenomenon.     

Production of endothelial progenitor cells obtained from human Wharton's jelly using different culture conditions

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) participate in revascularization and angiogenesis. EPC can be cultured in vitro from mononuclear cells of peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood or bone marrow; they also can be transdifferentiated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). We isolated EPCs from Wharton's jelly (WJ) using two methods. The first method was by obtaining MSC from WJ and characterizing them by flow cytometry and their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, then applying endothelial growth differentiating media. The second method was by direct culture of cells derived from WJ into endothelial differentiating media. EPCs were characterized by morphology, Dil-LDL uptake/UEA-1 immunostaining and testing the expression of endothelial markers by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. We found that MSC derived from WJ differentiated into endothelial-like cells using simple culture conditions with endothelium induction agents in the medium.     

Evolution of spore release mechanisms in the saprolegniaceae (Oomycetes): evidence from a phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer sequences

Classical studies on spore release within the Saprolegniaceae (Oomycetes) led to the proposition that different mechanisms of sporangial emptying represent steps in an evolutionary transition series. We have reevaluated this idea in a phylogenetic framework using internal transcribed spacer sequences of four genera. These data were compared with the response to osmotic stress exhibited by each taxon. Saprolegnia emerges as the most basal genus, sister to Achlya, Thraustotheca, and Dictyuchus. Achlya and Thraustotheca are most closely related, while Dictyuchus appears to have evolved along a separate evolutionary lineage. The resulting phylogenetic framework is consistent with the idea that the mechanism of sporangial emptying exhibited by Saprolegnia represents the plesiomorphic condition from which the other mechanisms were derived independently. These alternative mechanisms of spore release may have resulted from a small number of mutations that inhibited axonemal development and altered the temporal and spatial expression of lytic enzymes that degrade the sporangial wall. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.