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1.
Summary Several potentially important process variables involved in xylanase production byPenicillium janthinellum in large lab-scale fermentors were efficiently screened by employing a Plackett-Burman statistical design. Results illustrate the design's general applicability to experimentation with fermentation processes. 相似文献
2.
Lucimar G. Milagres Maria Cristina C. Brandileone Claudio T. Sacchi Vera S.D. Vieira Rosemeire C. Zanella Carl E. Frasch 《FEMS immunology and medical microbiology》1996,13(1):9-17
Abstract Since 1988, N. meningitidis , B:4:P1.15, ET-5 complex, has been responsible for an epidemic of meningococcal disease in Greater São Paulo, Brazil. Despite current trials to develop an effective vaccine against group B meningococci, children less than 2 years old have not been protected. It has been suggested that iron-regulated proteins (IRPs) should be considered as potential antigens for meningococcal vaccines. The vaccines under study consisted of outer-membrane vesicles depleted of lipooligosaccharide from three serogroup B strains and one serogroup C strain, IRPs, meningococcal group C polysaccharide and aluminum hydroxide. Four different protein and C polysaccharide concentrations were studied. The ELISA and bactericidal results showed a higher antibody response when 2 injections of 2.0 μg doses were administered. Despite higher IgG reactivity against antigen preparations containing IRPs seen in ELISA, the bactericidal activity was not increased if the target strain was grown in iron-restricted medium. The influence of addition of alkaline-detoxified lipooligosaccharide (dLOS) on immunogenicity of the vaccine was also investigated, and the dLOS provided for a more functionally specific antibody response. 相似文献
3.
AIMS: Ceriporiopsis subvermispora produces endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase when cultivated on cellulose or wood, but biodegradation of cellulose during biopulping by C. subvermispora is low even after long periods. To resolve this discrepancy, we grew C. subvermispora on Pinus taeda wood chips and purified the major beta-glucosidases it produced. Kinetic parameters were determined to clear if this fungus produces enzymes capable of yielding assimilable glucose from wood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was grown on P. taeda wood chips under solid-state fermentation. After 30 days, the crude extract obtained from enzyme extraction with sodium acetate buffer 50 mmol l(-1), pH 5.4, was filtrated in membranes with a molecular mass exclusion limit of 100 kDa. Enzyme purification was carried out using successively Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. The retained fraction attained 76% of beta-glucosidase activity with 3.7-fold purification. Two beta-glucosidases were detected with molecular mass of 110 and 53 kDa. We have performed a characterization of the enzymatic properties of the beta-glucosidase of 110 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature were 3.5 and 60 degrees C, respectively. The K(m) and V(max) values were respectively 3.29 mmol l(-1) and 0.113 micromol min(-1) for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-beta-glucopyranoside (pNPG) and 2.63 mmol l(-1) and 0.103 micromol min(-1), towards cellobiose. beta-Glucosidase activity was strongly increased by Mn(2+) and Fe(3+), while Cu(2+) severely inhibited it. CONCLUSIONS: Ceriporiopsis subvermispora produces small amounts of beta-glucosidase when grown on wood. The gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis data revealed the existence of two beta-glucosidases with 110 and 53 kDa. The 110 kDa beta-glucosidase from C. subvermispora can be efficiently purified in a single step by gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme has an acid pH optimum with similar activity on pNPG and cellobiose and is thus typical beta-glucosidase. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Ceriporiopsis subvermispora produces beta-glucosidase with limited action during wood decay making able its use for the production of biomechanical and biochemical pulps. The results presented in this paper show the importance of studying the behaviour of beta-glucosidases during biopulping. 相似文献
4.
Germano Siqueira Adriane MF Milagres Walter Carvalho Gerald Koch André Ferraz 《Biotechnology for biofuels》2011,4(1):7
Background
Lignin and hemicelluloses are the major components limiting enzyme infiltration into cell walls. Determination of the topochemical distribution of lignin and aromatics in sugar cane might provide important data on the recalcitrance of specific cells. We used cellular ultraviolet (UV) microspectrophotometry (UMSP) to topochemically detect lignin and hydroxycinnamic acids in individual fiber, vessel and parenchyma cell walls of untreated and chlorite-treated sugar cane. Internodes, presenting typical vascular bundles and sucrose-storing parenchyma cells, were divided into rind and pith fractions. 相似文献5.
We studied different genetic models and evaluation systems to select against a genetic disease with additive, recessive or polygenic inheritance in genetic conservation schemes. When using optimum contribution selection with a restriction on the rate of inbreeding (ΔF) to select against a disease allele, selection directly on DNA-genotypes is, as expected, the most efficient strategy. Selection for BLUP or segregation analysis breeding value estimates both need 1–2 generations more to halve the frequency of the disease allele, while these methods do not require knowledge of the disease mutation at the DNA level. BLUP and segregation analysis methods were equally efficient when selecting against a disease with single gene or complex polygene inheritance, i.e. knowledge about the mode of inheritance of the disease was not needed for efficient selection against the disease. Smaller schemes or schemes with a more stringent restriction on ΔF needed more generations to halve the frequency of the disease alleles or the fraction of diseased animals. Optimum contribution selection maintained ΔF at its predefined level, even when selection of females was at random. It is argued that in the investigated small conservation schemes with selection against a genetic defect, control of ΔF is very important. 相似文献
6.
Canilha L Santos VT Rocha GJ Almeida e Silva JB Giulietti M Silva SS Felipe MG Ferraz A Milagres AM Carvalho W 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2011,38(9):1467-1475
Experiments based on a 23 central composite full factorial design were carried out in 200-ml stainless-steel containers to study the pretreatment,
with dilute sulfuric acid, of a sugarcane bagasse sample obtained from a local sugar–alcohol mill. The independent variables
selected for study were temperature, varied from 112.5°C to 157.5°C, residence time, varied from 5.0 to 35.0 min, and sulfuric
acid concentration, varied from 0.0% to 3.0% (w/v). Bagasse loading of 15% (w/w) was used in all experiments. Statistical
analysis of the experimental results showed that all three independent variables significantly influenced the response variables,
namely the bagasse solubilization, efficiency of xylose recovery in the hemicellulosic hydrolysate, efficiency of cellulose
enzymatic saccharification, and percentages of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the pretreated solids. Temperature
was the factor that influenced the response variables the most, followed by acid concentration and residence time, in that
order. Although harsher pretreatment conditions promoted almost complete removal of the hemicellulosic fraction, the amount
of xylose recovered in the hemicellulosic hydrolysate did not exceed 61.8% of the maximum theoretical value. Cellulose enzymatic
saccharification was favored by more efficient removal of hemicellulose during the pretreatment. However, detoxification of
the hemicellulosic hydrolysate was necessary for better bioconversion of the sugars to ethanol. 相似文献
7.
M. C. de O. Souza I. C. Roberto A. M. F. Milagres 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1999,52(6):768-772
We investigated xylanase production by Thermoascus aurantiacus using semisolid fermentation. Multivariant statistical approaches were employed to evaluate the effects of several variables
(initial moisture in the medium, cultivation time, inoculum level, and bagasse mass) on xylanase production. The initial moisture
content and bagasse mass were the most important factors affecting xylanase activity. The xylanase activity produced by the
fungus under the optimized conditions (81% moisture content and 17 g bagasse) was found to be 2700 U per gram of initial dry
matter, whereas its value predicted by a polynomial model was 2400 U per gram of initial dry matter.
Received: 4 December 1998 / Received revision: 15 March 1999 / Accepted: 16 May 1999 相似文献
8.
Bioprospecting of Saprobe Fungi from the Semi‐Arid North‐East of Brazil for the Control of Anthracnose on Sorghum 下载免费PDF全文
Renata Sousa Resende Cristiane Aparecida Milagres Danielle Rezende Carlos Eduardo Aucique‐Perez Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues 《Journal of Phytopathology》2015,163(10):787-794
Anthracnose, caused by the hemiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum sublineolum, is one of the most important diseases affecting sorghum production worldwide. The main goal of this study was to select saprobe fungi from the semi‐arid north‐east of Brazil that could increase sorghum resistance to anthracnose and investigate this increased resistance at both physiological and biochemical levels. Plants were sprayed with Curvularia inaequalis, Gonytrichum macroladum, Memnoniella levispora, Pithomyces chartarum, Periconia hispidula, Phaeoisaria clematidia, Dictyochaeta heteroderae, Sarcopodium circinatum, Periconia byssoides, Moorella speciosa, Stachybotrys chartarum, Pseudobotrytis terrestres, Memnoniella echinata, Stachybotrys globosa and Gonytrichum clamydosporium 24 h before inoculation with C. sublineolum. Plants sprayed with water served as the control treatment. The area under the anthracnose progress curve was significantly reduced in comparison with the control treatment only for plants sprayed with C. inaequalis. Therefore, C. inaequalis was selected for physiological and biochemical evaluations. The peroxidases, chitinases and β‐1,3‐glucanases activities were significantly higher for plants sprayed with C. inaequalis and inoculated with C. sublineolum than for plants not sprayed with C. inaequalis and inoculated with C. sublineolum. There was no apparent decrease in the values of net carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance to water vapour or transpiration rate for plants sprayed with C. inaequalis and infected by C. sublineolum in comparison with plants not sprayed with C. inaequalis and infected by C. sublineolum. In conclusion, sorghum resistance against C. sublineolum infection was greatly potentiated by C. inaequalis without any apparent change in the photosynthetic capacity of the infected plants. 相似文献
9.
Valdeir Arantes Adriane M. F. Milagres Timothy R. Filley Barry Goodell 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2011,38(4):541-555
The brown rot fungus Wolfiporia cocos and the selective white rot fungus Perenniporia medulla-panis produce peptides and phenolate-derivative compounds as low molecular weight Fe3+-reductants. Phenolates were the major compounds with Fe3+-reducing activity in both fungi and displayed Fe3+-reducing activity at pH 2.0 and 4.5 in the absence and presence of oxalic acid. The chemical structures of these compounds
were identified. Together with Fe3+ and H2O2 (mediated Fenton reaction) they produced oxygen radicals that oxidized lignocellulosic polysaccharides and lignin extensively
in vitro under conditions similar to those found in vivo. These results indicate that, in addition to the extensively studied
Gloeophyllum trabeum—a model brown rot fungus—other brown rot fungi as well as selective white rot fungi, possess the means to promote Fenton
chemistry to degrade cellulose and hemicellulose, and to modify lignin. Moreover, new information is provided, particularly
regarding how lignin is attacked, and either repolymerized or solubilized depending on the type of fungal attack, and suggests
a new pathway for selective white rot degradation of wood. The importance of Fenton reactions mediated by phenolates operating
separately or synergistically with carbohydrate-degrading enzymes in brown rot fungi, and lignin-modifying enzymes in white
rot fungi is discussed. This research improves our understanding of natural processes in carbon cycling in the environment,
which may enable the exploration of novel methods for bioconversion of lignocellulose in the production of biofuels or polymers,
in addition to the development of new and better ways to protect wood from degradation by microorganisms. 相似文献
10.
A comparative description of mitochondrial DNA differentiation in selected avian and other vertebrate genera 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13
Levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence divergence between species
within each of several avian (Anas, Aythya, Dendroica, Melospiza, and
Zonotrichia) and nonavian (Lepomis and Hyla) vertebrate genera were
compared. An analysis of digestion profiles generated by 13-18 restriction
endonucleases indicates little overlap in magnitude of mtDNA divergence for
the avian versus nonavian taxa examined. In 55 interspecific comparisons
among the avian congeners, the fraction of identical fragment lengths (F)
ranged from 0.26 to 0.96 (F = 0.46), and, given certain assumptions, these
translate into estimates of nucleotide sequence divergence (p) ranging from
0.007 to 0.088; in 46 comparisons among the fish and amphibian congeners, F
values ranged from 0.00 to 0.36 (F = 0.09), yielding estimates of P greater
than 0.070. The small mtDNA distances among avian congeners are associated
with protein-electrophoretic distances (D values) less than approximately
0.2, while the mtDNA distances among assayed fish and amphibian congeners
are associated with D values usually greater than 0.4. Since the
conservative pattern of protein differentiation previously reported for
many avian versus nonavian taxa now appears to be paralleled by a
conservative pattern of mtDNA divergence, it seems increasingly likely that
many avian species have shared more recent common ancestors than have their
nonavian taxonomic counterparts. However, estimates of avian divergence
times derived from mtDNA- and protein-calibrated clocks cannot readily be
reconciled with some published dates based on limited fossil remains. If
the earlier paleontological interpretations are valid, then protein and
mtDNA evolution must be somewhat decelerated in birds. The empirical and
conceptual issues raised by these findings are highly analogous to those in
the long-standing debate about rates of molecular evolution and times of
separation of ancestral hominids from African apes.
相似文献