全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4671篇 |
免费 | 371篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
5043篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 18篇 |
2022年 | 43篇 |
2021年 | 112篇 |
2020年 | 66篇 |
2019年 | 87篇 |
2018年 | 110篇 |
2017年 | 94篇 |
2016年 | 150篇 |
2015年 | 207篇 |
2014年 | 233篇 |
2013年 | 272篇 |
2012年 | 416篇 |
2011年 | 362篇 |
2010年 | 242篇 |
2009年 | 185篇 |
2008年 | 267篇 |
2007年 | 283篇 |
2006年 | 286篇 |
2005年 | 213篇 |
2004年 | 240篇 |
2003年 | 227篇 |
2002年 | 203篇 |
2001年 | 45篇 |
2000年 | 36篇 |
1999年 | 57篇 |
1998年 | 60篇 |
1997年 | 54篇 |
1996年 | 34篇 |
1995年 | 50篇 |
1994年 | 28篇 |
1993年 | 25篇 |
1992年 | 28篇 |
1991年 | 30篇 |
1990年 | 40篇 |
1989年 | 24篇 |
1988年 | 27篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 16篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 11篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 10篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有5043条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
Elizabeth Storer Scholl Antonella Pirone Daniel H Cox R Keith Duncan Michele H Jacob 《Channels (Austin, Tex.)》2014,8(1):62-75
Small conductance Ca2+-sensitive potassium (SK2) channels are voltage-independent, Ca2+-activated ion channels that conduct potassium cations and thereby modulate the intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission of neurons and sensory hair cells. In the cochlea, SK2 channels are functionally coupled to the highly Ca2+ permeant α9/10-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at olivocochlear postsynaptic sites. SK2 activation leads to outer hair cell hyperpolarization and frequency-selective suppression of afferent sound transmission. These inhibitory responses are essential for normal regulation of sound sensitivity, frequency selectivity, and suppression of background noise. However, little is known about the molecular interactions of these key functional channels. Here we show that SK2 channels co-precipitate with α9/10-nAChRs and with the actin-binding protein α-actinin-1. SK2 alternative splicing, resulting in a 3 amino acid insertion in the intracellular 3′ terminus, modulates these interactions. Further, relative abundance of the SK2 splice variants changes during developmental stages of synapse maturation in both the avian cochlea and the mammalian forebrain. Using heterologous cell expression to separately study the 2 distinct isoforms, we show that the variants differ in protein interactions and surface expression levels, and that Ca2+ and Ca2+-bound calmodulin differentially regulate their protein interactions. Our findings suggest that the SK2 isoforms may be distinctly modulated by activity-induced Ca2+ influx. Alternative splicing of SK2 may serve as a novel mechanism to differentially regulate the maturation and function of olivocochlear and neuronal synapses. 相似文献
3.
Plant chloroplasts are not only the main cellular location for storage of elemental iron (Fe), but also the main site for Fe, which is incorporated into chlorophyll, haem and the photosynthetic machinery. How plants measure internal Fe levels is unknown. We describe here a new Fe‐dependent response, a change in the period of the circadian clock. In Arabidopsis, the period lengthens when Fe becomes limiting, and gradually shortens as external Fe levels increase. Etiolated seedlings or light‐grown plants treated with plastid translation inhibitors do not respond to changes in Fe supply, pointing to developed chloroplasts as central hubs for circadian Fe sensing. Phytochrome‐deficient mutants maintain a short period even under Fe deficiency, stressing the role of early light signalling in coupling the clock to Fe responses. Further mutant and pharmacological analyses suggest that known players in plastid‐to‐nucleus signalling do not directly participate in Fe sensing. We propose that the sensor governing circadian Fe responses defines a new retrograde pathway that involves a plastid‐encoded protein that depends on phytochromes and the functional state of chloroplasts. 相似文献
4.
5.
Streptococcus pyogenes type 12 M protein gene regulation by upstream sequences. 总被引:33,自引:7,他引:26 下载免费PDF全文
J C Robbins J G Spanier S J Jones W J Simpson P P Cleary 《Journal of bacteriology》1987,169(12):5633-5640
6.
Sequence and type-specific immunogenicity of the amino-terminal region of type 1 streptococcal M protein 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
W Kraus E Haanes-Fritz P P Cleary J M Seyer J B Dale E H Beachey 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》1987,139(9):3084-3090
The NH2-terminal sequence of type 1 M protein was determined by automated Edman degradation of purified polypeptide fragments extracted from whole streptococci by limited digestion with pepsin. Three polypeptide fragments were purified by slab gel electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide followed by electroelution. The purified fragments migrated as 28-, 25-, and 23.5-kDa fragments, respectively. Each of the fragments inhibited opsonization of a diluted antiserum prepared in rabbits by immunization with whole type 1 streptococci. The amino-terminal sequences of the peptide fragments were confirmed by comparison with the primary structure predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the type 1 M protein structural gene. The 28-kDa fragment contained the NH2-terminal asparagine residue of the processed type 1 M protein, whereas the NH2-terminal sequences of the 25- and 23.5-kDa peptides began at residues 27 and 36, respectively. A seven-residue periodicity with respect to polar and nonpolar residues was observed beginning at residue 22 and, therefore, the secondary structural potential of type 1 M protein is similar to that reported for other M proteins. In contrast to the other M proteins, however, identical repeats were rare, the longest sequence identity consisting of a three-amino acid acid sequence Lys-Asp-Leu at positions 30-32 repeated once at positions 65-67. A 23-residue synthetic peptide of the amino-terminus of the type 1 M protein evoked opsonic antibodies against type 1 streptococci. These results indicate that the NH2-terminal region of type 1 M protein retains the secondary structural characteristics of other M serotypes. Moreover, it contains epitopes that evoke protective immune responses. Our studies may have bearing in the development of safe and effective vaccines against group A streptococcal infections. 相似文献
7.
Summary A new distinctive feature between the two Mediterranean species of Tethya, T. aurantium and T. citrina has been found in the body arrangement of different types of micrasters. Contrary to the previous assumptions, T. aurantium has two clearly distinct categories of micrasters: the chiaster-tylaster in the cortex and the larger, slender oxyaster in the choanosome. T. citrina has only slightly differentiated micraster sets in the cortex and choanosome; in the latter the shape of micrasters is close to that of oxyasters. SEM analysis shows that differences in micraster shape depend on the cylindrical or conical form of rays and on the distribution, density and strength of the microspines along their axis. The relationship between the degree of micraster differentiation and the development of the cortex in the two species is discussed. 相似文献
8.
Mauro Moresi Michele Patete Antonio Trunfio 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1989,31(5-6):495-501
Summary A whey fermentation by Kluyveromyces fragilis was scaled-up to a 1000-dm3 stirred fermentor, by varying the stirrer speed, the air-flow rate and the initial concentration of lactose. Its evolution was simulated by applying the same unstructured model (consisting of a microbial specific growth rate of pseudo-first order with respect to the COD concentration and constant biomass yield per unit COD removed) set up in previous experiments using 8- to 80-dm3 fermentors. Despite the great scale-up ratios, very different operating conditions, and geometric dissimilarity, a series of empirical regressions previously developed allowed approximate, but acceptable prediction of the stoichiometric and kinetic coefficients of the above mathematical model, thus confirming the capability of this model to provide a reliable basis for further scale-up of this fermentation process to a production scale. 相似文献
9.
Summary Binding of azide to a series of copper(II) complexes has been investigated by absorption, CD and EPR spectroscopy. Axial binding of azide to Cu(II) can be differentiated from equatorial binding through the lower intensity and lack of optical activity of the LMCT band. The affinity of azide for Cu(II) increases with the overall positive charge of the complex. The preliminary data on thiocyanate binding to Cu(II) seem to agree with the trends observed for the corresponding azide adducts. 相似文献
10.
Summary To extend the available information on the significance of the interactions between glycolytic enzymes and the actin component of the cellular ultrastructure, investigations into the compositional characteristics of the actin binding site on one of the major glycolytic enzymes, aldolase, have been undertaken. As the electrostatic nature of the association has been previously reported indicative of a cationic region on the enzyme involved in the binding, these studies have investigated the possibility of the involvement of histidine residues in this binding region. By the use of the histidine specific reagent, diethylpyrocarbonate, we have been able to establish a difference in nature of an actin binding domain and the active site domain which does contain an essential histidine. The results have been discussed in relation to the significance of this finding with respect to the binding of aldolase to subcellular structure. 相似文献