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1.
A group of captive chimpanzees, consisting of one adult male and three mother/infant pairs, was systematically observed over a 15-month period. Over 200 hr of data were collected, using both sequential and time sampling techniques, and compared to the available data on wild chimps. Unlike many captive groups, most behavior patterns were remarkably similar, both qualitatively and quantitatively, to that of wild chimpanzees including: play, grooming, infant sexual development, tool use, food sharing, prosocial partner preferences, and aggressive displays. 相似文献
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3.
This paper examines the relationship between the early rearing experience of zoo-born, zoo-reared chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and the subsequent occurrence of successful copulation as adults. Developmental histories were acquired for 71 subjects via questionnaires and phone interviews. The following variables related to aspects of chimpanzees' early rearing experience were examined: (1) Rearing conditions, that is, hand reared alone, reared with siblings or peers, or reared by at least one adult conspecific. (2) Age removed from mother. (3) Sex of subject, and/or (4) participation in shows. Each of these variables was then compared to the subjects' sexual competence, defined here as having been observed to exhibit functional copulatory behavior as adults. Seventy-five percent of the subjects were observed to exhibit functional copulatory behavior on at least one occasion. No single component of rearing was successful in producing sexually competent adults 100% of the time; no rearing condition, as defined in this study, resulted in reproductive failure for all subjects experiencing those conditions. Chimpanzees that were hand reared alone, that is, in the total absence of conspecifics, were least likely to copulate as adults; about half of those chimpanzees that were reared with siblings or peers (and in the absence of adult conspecifics) copulated as adults. Almost 90% of those chimpanzees that were reared with at least one adult conspecific copulated as adults. Chimpanzees removed from their mothers at an early age (less than one year of age) were less likely to reproduce as adults. Male and female chimpanzees were equally likely to reproduce as adults. Participation in shows or demonstrations appeared to have no effect on chimpanzees' ability to copulate as adults. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
4.
The Open Microscopy Environment (OME) Data Model and XML file: open tools for informatics and quantitative analysis in biological imaging 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Goldberg IG Allan C Burel JM Creager D Falconi A Hochheiser H Johnston J Mellen J Sorger PK Swedlow JR 《Genome biology》2005,6(5):R47
The Open Microscopy Environment (OME) defines a data model and a software implementation to serve as an informatics framework for imaging in biological microscopy experiments, including representation of acquisition parameters, annotations and image analysis results. OME is designed to support high-content cell-based screening as well as traditional image analysis applications. The OME Data Model, expressed in Extensible Markup Language (XML) and realized in a traditional database, is both extensible and self-describing, allowing it to meet emerging imaging and analysis needs. 相似文献
5.
C. W. Kuhar L. J. Miller J. Lehnhardt J. Christman J. D. Mellen T. L. Bettinger 《Zoo biology》2010,29(1):68-79
With the growing trend in zoos to build complex, naturalistic exhibits comes the potential for exhibits to be so densely vegetated or complex that animals are not easily seen by zoo visitors. This can negatively impact the visitor's visiting experience and the zoo's ability to communicate conservation and education messages. Over the past 9 years, Disney's Animal Kingdom® has developed a process for monitoring and improving the visibility of animals on display to the public. This animal visibility process utilizes a data collection system whereby systematic observations are collected each week. The percentage of observations where at least one animal was visible is recorded for each species and compared to an 80% visibility criterion. Species that do not reach this criterion for 4 consecutive weeks are discussed at animal management meetings. If the problems associated with animal visibility cannot be easily solved, the animal‐care teams partner with the research team to conduct a second process, called the Visibility Issues Process. This process provides additional information for the animal‐care team to utilize in developing a plan to improve visibility. Although the processes described here are specific to the infrastructure at Disney's Animal Kingdom®, the basic concepts of (1) a formalized visibility data collection process, (2) a visibility criterion to which managers of species are held accountable, and (3) a process for planning to improve animal visibility without negatively impacting animal welfare are fundamental concepts that can be developed at individual institutions and incorporated into that zoo's existing infrastructure. Zoo Biol 29:68–79, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
6.
Steve Horvath Abu NM Nazmul-Hossain Rodney PE Pollard Frans GM Kroese Arjan Vissink Cees GM Kallenberg Fred KL Spijkervet Hendrika Bootsma Sara A Michie Sven U Gorr Ammon B Peck Chaochao Cai Hui Zhou David TW Wong 《Arthritis research & therapy》2012,14(6):1-13
Bone tissue has an exceptional quality to regenerate to native tissue in response to injury. However, the fracture repair process requires mechanical stability or a viable biological microenvironment or both to ensure successful healing to native tissue. An improved understanding of the molecular and cellular events that occur during bone repair and remodeling has led to the development of biologic agents that can augment the biological microenvironment and enhance bone repair. Orthobiologics, including stem cells, osteoinductive growth factors, osteoconductive matrices, and anabolic agents, are available clinically for accelerating fracture repair and treatment of compromised bone repair situations like delayed unions and nonunions. Preclinical and clinical studies using biologic agents like recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins have demonstrated an efficacy similar or better than that of autologous bone graft in acute fracture healing. A lack of standardized outcome measures for comparison of biologic agents in clinical fracture repair trials, frequent off-label use, and a limited understanding of the biological activity of these agents at the bone repair site have limited their efficacy in clinical applications. 相似文献
7.
Omar JM Hamza Mecky IN Matee Mainen J Moshi Elison NM Simon Ferdinand Mugusi Frans HM Mikx Wim H van Palenstein Helderman Antonius JMM Rijs André JAM van der Ven Paul E Verweij 《BMC microbiology》2008,8(1):135
Background
In Tanzania, little is known on the species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profiles of yeast isolates from HIV-infected patients with primary and recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis. 相似文献8.
Čobanová K Petrovič V Mellen M Arpášova H Grešáková L Faix Š 《Biological trace element research》2011,144(1-3):736-746
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the selenium distribution in eggs from hens fed diets supplemented with Se from sodium selenite (SS) or selenium-enriched yeast (SY). One-day-old female chickens of Hy-Line Brown breed were randomly divided into four groups according to dietary treatments and, for the subsequent 9?months, were fed diets which differed only in the form or amount of Se supplemented. During the whole experiment, group 1 (control) was fed basal diet (BD) with only background Se level of 0.13?mg/kg dry matter (DM). Diets for groups 2 and 3 consisted of BD supplemented with an Se dose of 0.4?mg/kg DM either in the form of SS or SY, respectively. Group 4 was fed BD supplemented with 0.9?mg Se/kg DM from SY. After 9?months of dietary treatments, the Se levels in egg yolk and albumen from hens fed unsupplemented diet were almost identical whereas eggs from hens given diet supplemented with SS showed significantly higher Se deposition in yolk than in albumen (P?0.01). On the other hand, the feed supplementation with Se doses 0.4 or 0.9?mg/kg DM from SY resulted in significantly higher Se concentration in albumen than in yolk (both P?0.001). The total Se amounts in whole eggs from hens in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 5.1, 14.4, 22.7 and 31.6?μg Se/egg thus demonstrating the significantly higher (P?0.001) selenium deposition in eggs from hens given feed enriched with SY than from birds fed diet with equivalent SS dose. Regardless of dose and source, the selenium supplementation to feeds for groups 2, 3 and 4 resulted in significantly increased α-tocopherol concentration in egg yolk compared to control group 1 (P?0.001). The presented results demonstrate the different pattern of Se distribution in egg mass when laying hens are fed diets supplemented with inorganic or organic selenium sources. 相似文献
9.
M Imboden A Nieters AJ Bircher M Brutsche N Becker M Wjst U Ackermann-Liebrich W Berger NM Probst-Hensch 《Clinical and molecular allergy : CMA》2006,4(1):1-9
Background
Avoidance of allergens is still recommended as the first and best way to prevent allergic illnesses and their comorbid diseases. Despite a variety of attempts there has been very limited success in the area of environmental control of allergic disease. Our objective was to identify a non-invasive, non-pharmacological method to reduce indoor allergen loads in atopic persons' homes and public environments. We employed a novel in vivo approach to examine the possibility of using aluminum sulfate to control environmental allergens.Methods
Fifty skin test reactive patients were simultaneously skin tested with conventional test materials and the actions of the protein/glycoprotein modifier, aluminum sulfate. Common allergens, dog, cat, dust mite, Alternaria, and cockroach were used in the study.Results
Skin test reactivity was significantly reduced by the modifier aluminum sulfate. Our studies demonstrate that the effects of histamine were not affected by the presence of aluminum sulfate. In fact, skin test reactivity was reduced independent of whether aluminum sulfate was present in the allergen test material or removed prior to testing, indicating that the allergens had in some way been inactivated.Conclusion
Aluminum sulfate was found to reduce the in vivo allergic reaction cascade induced by skin testing with common allergens. The exact mechanism is not clear but appears to involve the alteration of IgE-binding epitopes on the allergen. Our results indicate that it may be possible to diminish the allergenicity of an environment by application of the active agent aluminum sulfate, thus producing environmental control without complete removal of the allergen. 相似文献10.
Simulations inform design of regional occupancy‐based monitoring for a sparsely distributed,territorial species 下载免费PDF全文
Quresh S. Latif Martha M. Ellis Victoria A. Saab Kim Mellen‐McLean 《Ecology and evolution》2018,8(2):1171-1185
Sparsely distributed species attract conservation concern, but insufficient information on population trends challenges conservation and funding prioritization. Occupancy‐based monitoring is attractive for these species, but appropriate sampling design and inference depend on particulars of the study system. We employed spatially explicit simulations to identify minimum levels of sampling effort for a regional occupancy monitoring study design, using white‐headed woodpeckers (Picoides albolvartus), a sparsely distributed, territorial species threatened by habitat decline and degradation, as a case study. We compared the original design with commonly proposed alternatives with varying targets of inference (i.e., species range, space use, or abundance) and spatial extent of sampling. Sampling effort needed to achieve adequate power to observe a long‐term population trend (≥80% chance to observe a 2% yearly decline over 20 years) with the previously used study design consisted of annually monitoring ≥120 transects using a single‐survey approach or ≥90 transects surveyed twice per year using a repeat‐survey approach. Designs that shifted inference toward finer‐resolution trends in abundance and extended the spatial extent of sampling by shortening transects, employing a single‐survey approach to monitoring, and incorporating a panel design (33% of units surveyed per year) improved power and reduced error in estimating abundance trends. In contrast, efforts to monitor coarse‐scale trends in species range or space use with repeat surveys provided extremely limited statistical power. Synthesis and applications. Sampling resolutions that approximate home range size, spatially extensive sampling, and designs that target inference of abundance trends rather than range dynamics are probably best suited and most feasible for broad‐scale occupancy‐based monitoring of sparsely distributed territorial animal species. 相似文献