全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3106篇 |
免费 | 218篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 20篇 |
2021年 | 60篇 |
2020年 | 34篇 |
2019年 | 58篇 |
2018年 | 72篇 |
2017年 | 60篇 |
2016年 | 88篇 |
2015年 | 141篇 |
2014年 | 178篇 |
2013年 | 237篇 |
2012年 | 261篇 |
2011年 | 260篇 |
2010年 | 171篇 |
2009年 | 133篇 |
2008年 | 191篇 |
2007年 | 198篇 |
2006年 | 190篇 |
2005年 | 161篇 |
2004年 | 161篇 |
2003年 | 141篇 |
2002年 | 140篇 |
2001年 | 38篇 |
2000年 | 21篇 |
1999年 | 18篇 |
1998年 | 35篇 |
1997年 | 24篇 |
1996年 | 27篇 |
1995年 | 24篇 |
1994年 | 23篇 |
1993年 | 27篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 18篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1969年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有3324条查询结果,搜索用时 312 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
Luca Racca Andrea Villa Lukardis C. M. Wencker Marco Camaiti Hugues-Alexandre Blain Massimo Delfino 《Journal of morphology》2020,281(7):808-833
The skull osteology of Hierophis viridiflavus is here described and figured in detail on the basis of 18 specimens. The sample includes specimens from the ranges of both H. viridiflavus viridiflavus and H. viridiflavus carbonarius as well as specimens not identified at sub-specific level. The main characters that define H. viridiflavus in comparison to the parapatric congeneric species Hierophis gemonensis are wide maxillary diastema, basioccipital crest well distinct in three lobes and basioccipital process well marked. The foramina of the otoccipital and prootic, and the basioccipital process of the basioccipital are among the most ontogenetically variable characters, as indicated by two juvenile specimens included in the sample. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis including H. gemonensis and other outgroups (overall 6 species, 26 specimens, 64 skull characters) recovered all H. viridiflavus specimens in one clade, indicating the presence of a clear phylogenetic signal in the applied characters. However, the resolution within the H. viridiflavus clade is poor the monophyly of H. viridiflavus carbonarius was retrieved, but not that of Hierophis v. viridiflavus. Probably due to the relatively high variability, the skull morphology does not support the recently proposed specific status of the two subspecies. 相似文献
4.
Hilary S. Callahan Massimo Pigliucci Carl D. Schlichting 《BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology》1997,19(6):519-525
The plastic response of phenotypic traits to environmental change is a common research focus in several disciplines - from ecology and evolutionary biology to physiology and molecular genetics. The use of model systems such as the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana has facilitated a dialogue between developmental biologists asking how plasticity is controlled (proximate causes) and organismal biologists asking why plasticity exists (ultimate causes). Researchers studying ultimate causes and consequences are increasingly compelled to reject simplistic, ‘black box’ models, while those studying proximate causes and mechanisms are increasingly obliged to subject their interpretations to ecological ‘reality checks.’ We review the successful multidisciplinary efforts to understand the phytochrome-mediated shade-avoidance and light-seeking responses of flowering plants as a pertinent example of convergence between evolutionary and molecular biology. In this example, the two-way exchange between reductionist and holist camps has been essential to rapid and sustained progress. This should serve as a model for future collaborative efforts towards understanding the responses of organisms to their constantly changing environments. 相似文献
5.
Alberto Buson Alessandro Negro Luigi Grassato Massimo Tagliaro Marina Basaglia Claudio Grandi Angelo Fontana Marco P. Nuti 《FEMS microbiology letters》1996,145(1):55-62
Abstract A clone positive for d-carbamoylase activity (2.7 kb Hin dIII- Bam H1 DNA fragment) was obtained by screening a genomic library of Agrobacterium radiobacter in Escherichia coli . This DNA fragment contains an open reading frame of 912 bp which is predicted to encode a peptide of 304 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 34247 Da. The d-carbamoylase gene. named cauA , was placed under the control of T7 RNA-dependent promoter and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). After induction with isopropyl-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside, the synthesis of d-carbamoylase in E. coli reached about 40% of the total protein. The expressed protein was shown to possess a molecular mass, on SDS-PAGE, of 36 kDa and showed an enhanced allowed us to establish that a Pro14 →Leu14 exchange leads to an inactive enzyme species, while a Cys279 →Ser279 exchange did not impair the functional properties of the enxyme. 相似文献
6.
Rodrigo Trigosso-Venario Antonieta Labra & Hermann M. Niemeyer 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2002,108(12):1057-1064
For territorial organisms, recognition of familiar individuals can reduce the frequency and intensity of aggressive encounters (‘dear enemy’ phenomenon), stabilize social systems, and reduce the cost of territory maintenance. Here, we investigated the behavioural events displayed during contests between familiar and unfamiliar individuals in the lizard Liolaemus tenuis (Liolaemidae), a species in which males are territorial. The behaviours recorded were attack, warning, evasion, and submission, and the latencies to the first aggressive (attack or warning) behaviour. Additionally, we assessed the ability of individuals to remember a familiar conspecific after a period without social interaction. Individual males reduced and delayed aggressive behaviour directed towards socially familiar individuals compared with unfamiliar ones. These results suggest that males distinguished between familiar and unfamiliar conspecific males and are in agreement with the ‘dear enemy’ phenomenon. Other behaviours were similar in the contests between familiar and unfamiliar individuals. Recognition of familiar conspecifics was lost after 20 d without social interactions. This may be relevant for interactions with floater males or with neighbours that lose their territory and subsequently attempt to fight for their ex‐neighbour's territory. 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
10.
Flavio Massimo Garlaschi Giuseppe Zucchelli Robert Charles Jennings 《Photosynthesis research》1989,20(3):207-220
An experimental analysis is presented concerning the effect on relative light absorption by the two photosystems caused by (a) a highly light scattering environment (the detour effect) and (b) light filtration across successive chloroplast layers (the light attenuation effect). Both suspensions of isolated chloroplasts and leaves were employed.It is concluded that within a single spinach leaf these phenomena are likely to lead to only rather small increases in relative photosystem I absorption and activity with respect to photosystem II and will thus not exert a significant effect on non cyclic electron transport. On the contrary when light is filtrated across successive vegetation layers (shade light) significant increases in the relative PSI absorption and activity may be encountered.It is determined that the detour effect in mature leaves from a variety of plants increases overall photosynthetically useful light absorption by 35–40%.Abbreviations FM
maximal fluorescence
- LHCP2
light-harvesting chlorophyl a/b protein complex II
- QA-primary
quinone acceptor of photosystem II 相似文献