Fruit Peels: Food Waste as a Valuable Source of Bioactive Natural Products for Drug Discovery

Fruits along with vegetables are crucial for a balanced diet. These not only have delicious flavors but are also reported to decrease the risk of contracting various chronic diseases. Fruit by-products are produced in huge quantity during industrial processing and constitute a serious issue because they may pose a harmful risk to the environment. The proposal of employing fruit by-products, particularly fruit peels, has gradually attained popularity because scientists found that in many instances peels displayed better biological and pharmacological applications than other sections of the fruit. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of fruit peel extracts and natural products obtained in food industries along with their other potential biological applications.     

Phytoecdysteroids of Silene guntensis and their in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activity

Phytoecdysteroids from aerial parts of Silene guntensis B. Fedtsch were investigated and three phytoecdysteroids were isolated: 2,3-diacetate-22-benzoate-20-hydroxyecdysone (1), 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone (2), and 20-hydroxyecdysone (3). Their chemical structures were elucidated by DEPT, COSY, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The isolated compounds 1-3 and crude extracts were evaluated for their antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. They exhibited substantial inhibition of cell growth against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2), and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells. The chloroform extract showed potent cytotoxic effects [IC50 values (26.58 +/- 1.88) microg/mL, (20.99 +/- 1.64) microg/mL, and (18.89 +/- 2.36) microg/mL, respectively]. The new compound 1 was mildly cytotoxic compared to extracts [(127.97 +/- 11.34), (106.76 +/- 7.81), and (203.10 +/- 19.56) microg/mL, respectively]. Water and n-butanol extracts exhibited good antioxidant activities [IC50 values of (68.90 +/- 6.45) microg/mL and (69.12 +/- 5.85) microg/mL, respectively].     

The results of a serological study of viral hepatitis patients and healthy subjects under the conditions of a high-intensity epidemic process in hepatitis A

The activity of the involvement of preschool children of different ages in organized groups into the epidemic process of hepatitis A and the state of population immunity in elderly persons have been studied. Under the conditions of the intensive development of the epidemic process the active involvement of preschool children into this process as early as at the age of 1-2 years has been noted. At periods between epidemics the active circulation of the infective agent in the presence of decreased manifestations of the disease has been revealed.     

烟草黄矮双生病毒中双向启动子的活性及其调节控制

将烟草黄矮双生病毒（ＴｏｂＹＤＶ）中双向启动子的区域,以不同长度的片段和方向插入启动子分析载体ｐＧ１,与ＧＵＳ报道基因和ＮＯＳ终止子融合。同时,将各个ＴｏｂＹＤＶ读码框区域插入表达载体ｐＡＲＴ７中,置于ＣａＭＶ３５Ｓ启动子和ＯＣＳ终止子之间。用电穿孔法将各种启动子构建物个别地或者与读码框构建物成对地导入烟草和玉米原生质体,以考察ＴｏｂＹＤＶ启动子控制下ＧＵＳ基因瞬间表达的活性,以及ＴｏｂＹＤＶ的读