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1.
A E Macias S W Wong D W Sadowsky C M Luetjens M K Axthelm M G Gravett G J Haluska M J Novy 《American journal of primatology》2001,55(3):159-170
Leukocytes can be found in substantial numbers within the intrauterine tissues and amniotic fluid of women, and play a central role in the pathophysiology of infection-related preterm labor by their production of proinflammatory mediators. It remains unclear whether these leukocytes represent a fetal immune response, a maternal response, or a combination of the two. The objective of this study was to develop a test in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) suitable for determining the percentage of male fetal cells present in a population of leukocytes recovered from blood or amniotic fluid. We found inadequate specificity for rhesus monkey cells using commercial human Y-chromosome paint kits (fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)). Human-specific primers for the repetitive Y chromosome DYZ-1 locus employed in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) produced an unacceptable percentage of false positives. However, we successfully developed a PCR-based test using rhesus-specific primers for the zinc finger Y (ZFY) locus. Densitometry of PCR products from known ratios of male and female adult peripheral leukocytes generated a linear standard curve which provided quantitative results and required only 400 cells per sample. The rhesus beta globin (RBG) gene served as an internal control. The PCR test correctly discriminated the sex of peripheral leukocytes in 20 adult males, 20 adult females, two male fetuses, and one female fetus. Serial samples of amniotic fluid from four chronically catheterized rhesus monkeys bearing male fetuses were used to confirm the utility of this assay for quantifying fetal cells in amniotic fluid. In conclusion, we have developed a PCR test which is suitable for distinguishing male from female cells in adult and fetal blood and in amniotic fluid, which lends itself to a variety of diagnostic and biologic applications in the rhesus monkey and potentially in other nonhuman primates. 相似文献
2.
H. Keith Massel Salvador Macias Darlene M. Meador Duane M. Rumbaugh 《International journal of primatology》1981,2(1):9-17
Twenty-month-old rhesus monkeys were tested in a modified discrimination-reversal paradigm, which was designed to distinguish
abstract learning from stimulus-response associational learning. Previous studies indicate that talapoin monkeys learn associationally
and great apes via forming abstract concepts. Adult rhesus monkeys are apparently capable of forming simple abstractions,
but learn primarily through associational process. The results of this study show the adolescent rhesus monkeys to be associational
learners, with their response patterns indicating more complexity than the talapoins but less than the adult rhesus monkeys.
The data suggest that rhesus monkeys develop their low-level capacity of abstract learning with maturation. 相似文献
3.
Interactions between magainin 2 and Salmonella typhimurium outer membranes: effect of lipopolysaccharide structure 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
The role of the outer membrane and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the interaction between the small cationic antimicrobial peptide magainin 2 and the Gram-negative cell envelope was studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. Magainin 2 alters the thermotropic properties of the outer membrane-peptidoglycan complexes from wild-type Salmonella typhimurium and a series of LPS mutants which display differential susceptibility to the bactericidal activity of cationic antibiotics. These results are correlated with the LPS phosphorylation pattern and charge (characterized by high-resolution 31P NMR) and outer membrane lipid composition, and are compared to the bactericidal susceptibility. LPS mutants show a progressive loss of resistance to killing by magainin 2 as the length of the LPS polysaccharide moiety decreases. Disordering of the outer membrane lipid fatty acyl chains by magainin 2, however, depends primarily upon the magnitude of LPS charge rather than the length of the LPS polysaccharide, contradicting the proposal by Weiss et al. [Weiss, J., Beckerdite-Quagiata, S., & Elsbach, P. (1980) J. Clin. Invest. 65, 619-628] that the sugar side chain of LPS shields the negative charges of the outer membrane surface. While disruption of outer membrane structure most likely is not the primary factor leading to cell death, the susceptibility of Gram-negative cells to magainin 2 is associated with factors that facilitate the transport of the peptide across the outer membrane, such as the magnitude and location of LPS charge, the concentration of LPS in the outer membrane, outer membrane molecular architecture, and the presence or absence of the O-antigen side chain. 相似文献
4.
5.
Litman GW; Rast JP; Shamblott MJ; Haire RN; Hulst M; Roess W; Litman RT; Hinds- Frey KR; Zilch A; Amemiya CT 《Molecular biology and evolution》1993,10(1):60-72
Immunoglobulins are encoded by a large multigene system that undergoes
somatic rearrangement and additional genetic change during the development
of immunoglobulin-producing cells. Inducible antibody and antibody-like
responses are found in all vertebrates. However, immunoglobulin possessing
disulfide-bonded heavy and light chains and domain-type organization has
been described only in representatives of the jawed vertebrates. High
degrees of nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence identity are
evident when the segmental elements that constitute the immunoglobulin gene
loci in phylogenetically divergent vertebrates are compared. However, the
organization of gene loci and the manner in which the independent elements
recombine (and diversify) vary markedly among different taxa. One striking
pattern of gene organization is the "cluster type" that appears to be
restricted to the chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) and limits
segmental rearrangement to closely linked elements. This type of gene
organization is associated with both heavy- and light-chain gene loci. In
some cases, the clusters are "joined" or "partially joined" in the germ
line, in effect predetermining or partially predetermining, respectively,
the encoded specificities (the assumption being that these are expressed)
of the individual loci. By relating the sequences of transcribed gene
products to their respective germ-line genes, it is evident that, in some
cases, joined-type genes are expressed. This raises a question about the
existence and/or nature of allelic exclusion in these species. The
extensive variation in gene organization found throughout the vertebrate
species may relate directly to the role of intersegmental
(V<==>D<==>J) distances in the commitment of the individual
antibody-producing cell to a particular genetic specificity. Thus, the
evolution of this locus, perhaps more so than that of others, may reflect
the interrelationships between genetic organization and function.
相似文献
6.
7.
M Alonso N Alonso Rodriguez C Garzelli M Martínez Lirola M Herranz S Samper MJ Ruiz Serrano E Bouza D García de Viedma 《BMC microbiology》2010,10(1):151
Background
The Beijing lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is causing concern due to its global distribution and its involvement in severe outbreaks. Studies focused on this lineage are mainly restricted to geographical settings where its prevalence is high, whereas those in other areas are scarce. In this study, we analyze Beijing isolates in the Mediterranean area, where this lineage is not prevalent and is mainly associated with immigrant cases. 相似文献8.
9.
Schistosomiasis vector snails are subjected to extreme seasonal changes, particularly in ephemeral rivers and lentic waterbodies. In the tropics, aestivation is one of the adaptive strategies for survival and is used by snails in times of extremely high temperatures and desiccation. Aestivation therefore plays an important role in maintaining the transmission of schistosomiasis. This review assesses the possible impacts of climate change on the temporal and spatial distribution of schistosomiasis-transmitting snails with special emphasis on aestivation, and discusses the effect of schistosome infection on aestivation ability. The impacts of parasite development on snails, as well as physiological changes, are discussed with reference to schistosomiasis transmission. This review shows that schistosome-infected snails have lower survival rates during aestivation, and that those that survive manage to get rid of the infection. In general, snail aestivation ability is poor and survival chances diminish with time. Longer dry periods result in fewer, as well as uninfected, snails. However, the ability of the surviving snails to repopulate the habitats is high. 相似文献
10.
Jason A Roberts Michael S Roberts Andrew Semark Andrew A Udy Carl MJ Kirkpatrick David L Paterson Matthew J Roberts Peter Kruger Jeffrey Lipman 《BMC anesthesiology》2011,11(1):1-7