Treatment of athletes

Treating participants in athletics requires the coordination of coaches, trainers, administrators and physician. Often in cases of proneness to injury, a cause can be found and correction may be obtained by further training or withdrawal of the athlete from the team. Certain types of injury should be always kept in mind in the examination of athletes, particularly football players. Ligamentous tears, myositis ossificans, navicular fracture and brain injury are injuries that may not be precisely diagnosed at the initial examination.     

Uptake of glycine-N15 by components of cell nuclei

1. The uptake of glycine-N¹⁵ by components of cell nuclei was studied. The nuclear components were derived both from tissues with high metabolic rates-mammalian liver, kidney, and pancreas-and from cells with relatively low rates of metabolism-avian erythrocytes and echinoderm sperm. N¹⁵ uptake by nuclear components of liver, kidney, and pancreas was far more rapid than by those of erythrocytes and sperm. 2. The nuclear components of liver, kidney, and pancreas for which measurements were made were DNA, histone, and residual protein of chromatin. Uptake into DNA was low, into histone higher, and into residual protein much higher still, being comparable with that into mixed cytoplasmic protein. 3. A comparison of the uptake of N¹⁵ by the chromosomal components, histone and DNA of liver, pancreas, and kidney showed that chromosomal "activity" varies in different cells and also in the same cell depending upon its over-all activity.     

Purine and pyrimidine contents of some desoxypentose nucleic acids

The distribution of purines and pyrimidines in desoxypentose nucleic acids prepared from a variety of animal and plant sources has been studied. 1. The nucleic acids were prepared from calf thymus, calf kidney, sheep spleen, horse spleen, chicken erythrocyte, turtle erythrocyte, trout sperm, shad testes, sea urchin sperm, wheat germ, and Pneumococcus Type III. 2. Separate hydrolyses were carried out for the determination of purines and pyrimidines. These procedures permitted nearly quantitative recovery of nucleic acid phosphorus in many of the preparations examined. 3. In the case of those preparations where a quantitative recovery was obtained it can be concluded that no bases other than adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine were present in appreciable amounts. 4. The distribution of purines and pyrimidines in all the nucleic acids studied renders the tetranucleotide hypothesis untenable. 5. The results of the analyses have indicated no great differences in the composition of these nucleic acids with respect to purines and pyrimidines.     

Exposure of Gambian children to Anopheles gambiae malaria vectors in an irrigated rice production area

Abstract. Variation in exposure of children to malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae complex was recorded in a Gambian village situated near an irrigated area of rice cultivation. Observations were made in 1987 and 1988 during two dry seasons, when pumped water was used to grow rice, and two rainy seasons, when rice was produced using a combination of irrigated and rainfed paddies. Routine collections of mosquitoes were made from under bednets. Most of these specimens were assumed to have fed on the occupants of the net and thus represented a crude measure of exposure to malaria. Most nets in the village were in good condition, but even these were a poor defence against blood-seeking mosquitoes. Two annual peaks in the numbers of An. gambiae s.l. corresponded with the irrigation of rice paddies in the dry and wet seasons. When there were few vectors in the village the frequency distribution of mosquitoes caught under nets was described best by a Poisson process. When high numbers were present the daily distributions were over-dispersed and fitted a negative binomial model. The spatial distribution of mosquitoes varied between dry and wet seasons and was related to the predominant wind direction at night, suggesting that wind assisted the dispersal of mosquitoes from their breeding sites. For individual children in the rainy season, increased exposure to malaria vectors was associated with living adjacent to a mosquito breeding site, being resident in larger compounds, having open eaves in the house, a store-room adjacent to the bedroom, the absence of a ceiling in the bedroom, the absence of wood smoke indoors and leaving the bednet untucked at night. In the dry season a high level of exposure was associated with living close to a mosquito breeding site, having an unfenced compound, sleeping in a room without a ceiling and using insecticide aerosols. These observations demonstrate that within a village there are systematic and persistent differences in the level of exposure to malaria parasites experienced by individual children.     

Leaf-surface Wax in Poa colensoi

Leaf-surface wax present on greenhouse-grown Poa colensoi plantsfrom seed samples representative of thirteen field populationswas measured quantitatively and related to field climates. Theamount of wax inherently formed on leaves of P. colensoi plantswas found to be highly and negatively correlated with aridityof their field environments and slightly positively correlatedwith field temperatures. Electron-micrographs were obtained from the leaf-surfaces ofplants originating in semi-arid and mesophytic habitats. Thesemicrographs indicated the relative amounts of wax present onglaucous and green leaves in the species. The nature of waxdeposits on P. colensoi leaves has been described in relationto those found on other plant species.     

Synthesis of protein in the pancreas. III. Uptake of glycine-N15 by the trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen of mouse pancreas

The uptake of glycine-N¹⁵ into the trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen of mouse pancreas is much higher than that into any ribonucleoprotein component of the pancreas that has so far been investigated.     

Metabolic Changes in Trichomonas gallinae Resulting from Growth in Various Carbohydrates*†

SYNOPSIS. The influence of the type of growth carbohydrate on the subsequent metabolic activity of Trichomonas gallinae was investigated. Washed suspensions of cells collected from CPL-glucose, CPL-maltose, CPL-galactose, and CPL-glucose-maltose media were examined in the Warburg respirometer for their ability to utilize glucose, maltose, and galactose. Comparisons of the metabolic parameters of substrate consumption, changes in glycogen content, and CO₂ and H₂ production were made. The pattern of utilization of the sugars, both qualitatively and quantitatively, depended upon the type of carbohydrate in the CPL medium used to culture the cells and upon the time of exposure of the cells to a particular sugar in the medium.