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排序方式: 共有4215条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Carlo L. Seifert Martin Volf Leonardo R. Jorge Tomokazu Abe Grace Carscallen Pavel Drozd Rajesh Kumar Greg P.A. Lamarre Martin Libra Maria E. Losada Scott E. Miller Masashi Murakami Geoffrey Nichols Petr Pyszko Martin igut David L. Wagner Vojtch Novotný 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(24):14137
- Assemblages of insect herbivores are structured by plant traits such as nutrient content, secondary metabolites, physical traits, and phenology. Many of these traits are phylogenetically conserved, implying a decrease in trait similarity with increasing phylogenetic distance of the host plant taxa. Thus, a metric of phylogenetic distances and relationships can be considered a proxy for phylogenetically conserved plant traits and used to predict variation in herbivorous insect assemblages among co‐occurring plant species.
- Using a Holarctic dataset of exposed‐feeding and shelter‐building caterpillars, we aimed at showing how phylogenetic relationships among host plants explain compositional changes and characteristics of herbivore assemblages.
- Our plant–caterpillar network data derived from plot‐based samplings at three different continents included >28,000 individual caterpillar–plant interactions. We tested whether increasing phylogenetic distance of the host plants leads to a decrease in caterpillar assemblage overlap. We further investigated to what degree phylogenetic isolation of a host tree species within the local community explains abundance, density, richness, and mean specialization of its associated caterpillar assemblage.
- The overlap of caterpillar assemblages decreased with increasing phylogenetic distance among the host tree species. Phylogenetic isolation of a host plant within the local plant community was correlated with lower richness and mean specialization of the associated caterpillar assemblages. Phylogenetic isolation had no effect on caterpillar abundance or density. The effects of plant phylogeny were consistent across exposed‐feeding and shelter‐building caterpillars.
- Our study reveals that distance metrics obtained from host plant phylogeny are useful predictors to explain compositional turnover among hosts and host‐specific variations in richness and mean specialization of associated insect herbivore assemblages in temperate broadleaf forests. As phylogenetic information of plant communities is becoming increasingly available, further large‐scale studies are needed to investigate to what degree plant phylogeny structures herbivore assemblages in other biomes and ecosystems.
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Laura Cernat Cristina Blaj Rene Jackstadt Lydia Brandl Jutta Engel Heiko Hermeking Andreas Jung Thomas Kirchner David Horst 《PloS one》2014,9(8)
Colonic crypts are stereotypical structures with distinct stem cell, proliferating, and differentiating compartments. Colorectal cancers derive from colonic crypt epithelia but, in contrast, form morphologically disarrayed glands. In this study, we investigated to which extent colorectal cancers phenocopy colonic crypt architecture and thus preserve structural organization of the normal intestinal epithelium. A subset of colon cancers showed crypt-like compartments with high WNT activity and nuclear β-Catenin at the leading tumor edge, adjacent proliferation, and enhanced Cytokeratin 20 expression in most differentiated tumor epithelia of the tumor center. This architecture strongly depended on growth conditions, and was fully reproducible in mouse xenografts of cultured and primary colon cancer cells. Full crypt-like organization was associated with low tumor grade and was an independent prognostic marker of better survival in a collection of 221 colorectal cancers. Our findings suggest that full activation of preserved intestinal morphogenetic programs in colon cancer requires in vivo growth environments. Furthermore, crypt-like architecture was linked with less aggressive tumor biology, and may be useful to improve current colon cancer grading schemes. 相似文献
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Biogeographical analyses are applied to skipper (Hesperioidea) presence/absence data from the Western Mediterranean mainland
and the three largest islands (Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily) in order to identify potential conservation issues. The analyses
performed on species, both collectively and individually, indicate that regional species richness and occurrence in the Mediterranean
zone are largely predicted by latitude and area but that islands have impoverished faunas. Several species, predicted to be
present on these islands from logistic regression of their continental distributions, are actually absent. The number of species
predicted to be present from logistic regression analyses for each island, closely matched the number of species predicted
to occur in regional-focused multiple regression analysis. This suggests that missing species have been identified. When compared
with species that occur in Sicily and Corsica, the missing species are shown to differ for ecological traits, mainly those
linked to altitudinal tolerance. No ecological distinctions were disclosed for Sardinian skippers suggesting a mainly stochastic
colonisation. These results, and those from an analogous study carried out on Papilionoidea, point to Hesperioidea having
(i) overall more impoverished faunas on islands and (ii) being subject to stochastic or historical colonisation events more
than Papilionoidea. Species not predicted to occur on islands based on their mainland distributions and ecological traits,
are foci for conservation attention. However, as many species becoming extinct on the islands may be irreplaceable, all species,
in particular the Sardinian ones, deserve to be conserved. 相似文献
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Summary The degree of satellite association was found to be significantly higher in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients than from those of control individuals. PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from obligatory heterozygotes for the CF mutant allele showed an intermediate degree of satellite association. The degree of satellite association was estimated by the frequency of cells exhibiting associations, by the number of associations per cell, and by the number of chromosomes in an association. The differences in the degree of satellite association were dependent on the concentration of colchicine used for cell arrest. These findings may assist in developing a diagnostic method for the early identification of heterozygotes for the CF allele and for prenatal detection of CF homozygous fetuses.This paper is based on a portion of a dissertation to be submitted by Y. Ravia in partial fulfilment of the Ph. D. requirements in the Graduate School of Tel Aviv University 相似文献
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Emmanuelle Fontoura José Darival Ferreira Jamile Bubadué Ana Maria Ribeiro Leonardo Kerber 《Journal of morphology》2020,281(10):1223-1240
A diverse fossil record of Cervidae (Mammalia) has been documented in the South American Pleistocene, when these animals arrived during the Great American Biotic Interchange. Using computed tomography-scanning techniques, it is possible to access the endocranial morphology of extinct species. Here, we studied the brain endocast of the extinct late Pleistocene cervid Antifer ensenadensis from southern Brazil, one of the largest forms that lived on this continent, using comparative morphology, geometric morphometrics, and encephalization quotients. The analyzed endocasts demonstrate that A. ensenadensis had a gyrencephalic brain, showing a prominent longitudinal sinus (=sagittal superior sinus), which is also observed in the large South American cervid Blastocerus dichotomus. The encephalization quotient is within the variation of extant cervids, suggesting maintenance of the pattern of encephalization from at least the late Pleistocene. Geometric morphometric analysis suggested a clear and linear allometric trend between brain endocast size and shape, and highlights A. ensenadensis as an extreme form within the analyzed cervids regarding brain morphology. 相似文献
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Summary An analysis was made of the effects of different sampling and extraction techniques on the amounts and pattern of monoterpenoids isolated from needles of Norway spruce. The following isolation and analysis procedure was finally adopted: liquid nitrogen-cooled needles were pulverized by a microdismembrator, extracted with pentane overnight at 2°–3°C and concentrated to a volume not less than 3 ml/g fresh weight on a Vigreux column. The crude extract was injected splitless (with solvent split) onto a cold programmed temperature vaporized (PTV) precolumn of a gas chromatograph and the vaporizable compounds heated to a capillary column. This method was tested for production of artefacts and quantitative extraction and applied to needles of eleven 80-year-old spruce trees. 相似文献
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Abstract Four plasmids were constructed by associating Escherichia coli and yeast selection markers and replication origins to a structural gene coding for aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH(3')) controlled by different flanking sequences. We used the two bacterial genes of Tn5 (APH(3')II) and Tn903 (APH(3')I) as such and the chimeric pSVneo (APH(3')II) and pNOSneo (APH(3')II) constructs, functional in mammalian and plant cells, respectively. Yeast clones resistant to G418 were obtained with all plasmids except with that bearing the bacterial APH(3')II gene. The three plasmids harbouring the functional APH genes, however, conferred different levels of G418 resistance to yeast. 相似文献