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A horizontal plexiglas tube containing a food-reward was presented to four naive tufted capuchins and suitable sticks were
provided to push the reward out. Three monkeys out of four spontaneously used the tools and showed very different styles of
solving the task. In more complex conditions, in which the sticks needed to be combined or actively modified in order to become
effective, the monkeys were always successful; however, their performance was loaded with errors which did not disappear throughout
the trials. Evidence of a difference between success in solving the problem and its understanding was found. This suggests
that although capuchins can discover new means through active experimentation, they do not mentally represent the characteristics
necessary for a tool to be effective, nor do they modify the tool appropriately beforehand. At this level, a major difference
with chimpanzees emerges. 相似文献
3.
It is generally difficult to identify possible effects of selection at a specific locus because of the heterogeneity of the genetic background. Geographical patterns ofEst-6 gene frequencies suggest that there is selection at this locus but selection on loci closely linked to it cannot be excluded. Differences in catalytic properties between allozymes have been shownin vitro; further, several laboratory studies have shown apparent fitness differences between allozymes. Our study used inbred lines highly homogeneous in the genetic background. Four populations were set up fromEst-6s andEst-6F homozygous females inseminated by males of the same genotype at each combination of three factors: temperature (18 and 25°C); methyl malonate (presence or absence); input gene frequencies [p(S) = 0.2 and 0.8]. The populations were sampled periodically for about 28 generations. Methyl malonate was chosen to exert pressure in the enzymatic function of esterase-6. Statistical analyses show that: there are no sex differences; gene frequencies change from input values to those of the first sampling, when only individuals of the first generation are present at 18oC or individuals of the second generation just begin to appear at 25°C; gene frequencies do not change thereafter and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is established. The changes in gene frequencies observed in the first generations suggest thatEst-6 can under certain conditions be a target of selection. Such conditions may not, however, occur in natural populations. 相似文献
4.
A new covalently-bonded, silica-based stationary phase, using as the chiral selector the 1-(3-aminopropyl) derivative of (+)-(5R,8S,10R)-terguride, has been developed to resolve optically active isomers by HPLC. Good resolution of structurally related racemic ergot alkaloids were obtained using water-methanol mixtures as the eluent. Analysis of the influence of the type and concentration of the organic modifier, and the pH of the buffer in the mobile phase allowed the enantioseparation of these compounds to be optimized. Determination of the optical purity of a lisuride-containig drug is reported. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
5.
Induction of phagocytic behaviour in human epithelial cells by Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor type1 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Loredana Falzano Carla Fiorentini Gianfranco Donelli Eric Michel Christine Kocks Pascale Cossart Lucien Cabanié Eric Oswald Patrice Boquet 《Molecular microbiology》1993,9(6):1247-1254
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (CNF1) from strains of pathogenic Escherichia coli induces in human epithelial HEp-2 cells, a profound reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton into prominent stress fibres and membrane ruffles. We report here that this process is associated with induction of phagocytic-like activity. CNF1-treated cells acquired the ability to ingest latex beads as well as non-invasive bacteria such as Listeria innocua, which were taken as a model system. Uptake of bacteria was similar to pathogen-induced phagocytosis, since L. innocua transformed with DNA coding for the pore-forming toxin listeriolysln O behaved, with respect to intracellular growth, like the invasive, pathogenic species L. monocytogenes. Our results raise the possibility that, in vivo, pathogenic CNF1 -producing E. coli may invade epithelia by this novel induced phagocytic-like mechanism. 相似文献
6.
Pietro Cugini Loredana Di Palma Salvatore Di Simone Piernatale Lucia Paola Battisti Alessandro Coppola Giuseppe Leone 《Chronobiology international》1993,10(1):73-78
This study aimed to explore the 24-h patterns of stroke volume, cardiac output, and peripheral vascular resistance along with other correlated variables, such as left ventricular ejection time, ejection velocity index, thoracic fluid index, heart rate, and blood pressure. The study was performed on 12 clinically healthy subjects by means of a noninvasive beat-to-beat monitoring using the thoracic electric bioimpedance technique associated with the automated sphygmomano-metric recording. Time data series were analyzed by means of chronobiological procedures. The results documented the occurrence of a circadian rhythm for all the variables investigated, giving relevance to the beat-to-beat bioperiodicity of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. Temporal quantification of the investigated variables may be useful for a better insight of the chronophysiology of the cardiovascular apparatus. 相似文献
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Giovanni Mantovani Antonio Macciò Clelia Madeddu Loredana Mura Giulia Gramignano Maria Rita Lusso 《Free radical research》2013,47(2):213-223
In the present study we tested the ability of different antioxidant agents, used alone or in combination, to reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and to increase the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Moreover, we tested the ability of such antioxidant agents to reduce the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF f . Fifty-six advanced stage cancer patients with tumors at different sites were included in the study: they were mainly stage III (12.5%) and stage IV (82.1%). The study was divided into two phases. In the 1 st phase 28 patients were divided into five groups and a single different antioxidant agent was administered to each group. The selected antioxidant agents were: alpha lipoic acid or carboxycysteine-lysine salt, amifostine, reduced glutathione, vitamin A plus vitamin E plus Vitamin C. In the 2 nd phase of the study 28 patients were divided into five groups and a combination of two different antioxidant agents was administered to each group. The antioxidant treatment was administered for 10 consecutive days. The patients were studied at baseline and after antioxidant treatment. Our results show that all single antioxidants tested were effective in reducing the ROS levels and three of them in increasing GPx activity, too. Among the combinations of antioxidant agents, three were effective in reducing ROS, while three were effective in increasing GPx activity (arm 4 was effective in both instances). Comprehensively, the "antioxidant treatment" was found to be effective both on ROS levels and GPx activity. Moreover, the antioxidant treatment was able to reduce serum levels of IL-6 and TNF f . Furthermore, a correlation was shown between the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status of patients and blood levels of ROS, GPx activity, serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines. 相似文献
9.
Loredana Cappellacci Kamal N. Tiwari John A. Montgomery John A. Secrist III 《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2013,32(4-5):613-614
Abstract 1-O-Acetyl-2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-toluoyl-4-thio-d-erythro-pentofuranose and 2-deoxy-1,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-4-thio-l-threo-pentofuranose were coupled with 5-azacytosine to obtain α and β anomers of nucleosides. 相似文献
10.
Matteo Surdo Emanuela Balestra Patrizia Saccomandi Fabiola Di Santo Marco Montano Domenico Di Carlo Loredana Sarmati Stefano Aquaro Massimo Andreoni Valentina Svicher Carlo Federico Perno Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein 《PloS one》2013,8(7)