‘嘎拉’苹果及其杂交后代对炭疽叶枯病的抗性机制分析

为解析苹果对炭疽叶枯病的抗性机制,该研究以‘嘎拉’、‘藤牧1号’苹果及其杂交后代等87个苹果品种(系)为试验材料,进行田间调查及人工接种病菌并检测不同品种(系)中病菌生物量,利用SSR分子标记进行基因型鉴定,分析各品种(系)对炭疽叶枯病的抗性差异,利用荧光定量PCR及酶活检测比较分析水杨酸相关基因、抗性酶基因及酶活性水平差异。结果表明：(1)87个苹果品种(系)对苹果炭疽叶枯病的抗性差异明显,‘嘎拉’、‘2 5’、‘19 19’等品种(系)叶片发病严重,表现出对炭疽叶枯病的高感性,‘藤牧1号’、‘40 9’及‘16 16’等品种(系)叶片无病斑或病斑极少,炭疽叶枯病菌含量显著低于感病性品种(系),其抗性显著。(2)SSR标记S0405127和S0304673的基因型鉴定结果与田间表型调查结果相比,准确率分别为93.10%和91.95%,与人工接种结果相比,准确率分别为91.95%和95.40%。(3)SA相关基因的表达模式结果表明,接种炭疽叶枯病菌4 d后,‘藤牧1号’、‘40 9’及‘16 16’等抗性品种(系)中SA合成相关基因MdEDS1、MdPAD4和MdPAL被强烈诱导表达;同时,SA信号转导相关基因MdNPR1、MdPR1、MdPR5的表达显著高于‘嘎拉’等感病品种(系)。(4)接种炭疽叶枯病菌4 d后,‘藤牧1号’、‘40 9’及‘16 16’等抗性品种(系)的MdSOD、MdPOD酶基因表达水平及酶活性显著高于‘嘎拉’、‘2 5’、‘19 19’等感病品种(系)。研究认为,‘藤牧1号’、‘40 9’及‘16 16’等品种(系)通过调控水杨酸合成和信号转导通路及氧化还原相关反应等提高对炭疽叶枯病的抗性,为挖掘抗性基因以及利用优良种质选育抗病品种奠定了基础。     

Application of High-Throughput Sequencing to Evaluate the Genetic Diversity Among Wild Apple Species Indigenous to Shandong,China, and Introduced Cultivars

The Taiyi mountainous region of Shandong province in eastern China has an abundance of wild Malus species. We evaluated the genetic diversity of 88 Malus accessions (45 Asian apple cultivars, 10 American apple cultivars, 12 European apple cultivars, 19 Chinese wild apples, and two apple cultivars with unknown origins) based on single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 38,364 SNPs were obtained with an average of 2256 SNPs per chromosome. The average of the polymorphism information content (PIC), gene diversity, and allele frequency for SNPs was 0.268, 0.306, and 0.364, respectively. A circular phylogenetic tree constructed based on SNP data revealed that the 88 Malus accessions could be divided into three groups. However, a population structure analysis suggested the 88 Malus accessions could be divided into four groups. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed some population stratification. The first three PCs accounted for 41.62% of the population-wide SNP variation, with PC1 accounting for 33.9%. Moreover, the kinship values of the 88 Malus accessions ranged from 0 to 2.36, with 96.42% of the kinship values between 0 and 0.2. A phylogenetic tree and a PCA indicated the Chinese wild apples widely distributed among the cultivated apples had a diverse genetic background. Characterizing the genetic relationships between cultivated apples and Chinese wild apples is essential for increasing the genetic diversity of the germplasms used by apple breeders.

     

Characterization of the Hormone and Stress-Induced Expression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">FaRE</Emphasis>1 Retrotransposon Promoter in Strawberry

Retrotransposons are the most abundant mobile elements in the plant genome and seem to play an important role in genome reorganization induced by environmental challenges. Their success in this function depends on the ability of their promoters to regulate plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the promoter region of FaRE1 was amplified in the strawberry genome, and promoter::GUS fusion was constructed. We produced transgenic strawberry plants carrying FaRE1 promoter::GUS-fusion genes, and monitored GUS reporter activity. Histochemical and fluorimetric GUS analysis these plants showed the characteristics of the FaRE1 promoter were activated by either hormones treatments with ABA, NAA, and 2,4-D or cold stress. In addition, we found the GUS reporter was activated in the leaves of transgenic strawberry plants using 5-azaC. These results suggest that the promoter of FaRE1 may act as different signal transduction pathways, allowing FaRE1 retrotransposon to be activated in response to multiples challenges.     

鄱阳湖溶解态重金属空间分布格局及风险评估

采用ICP-MS定量研究了鄱阳湖溶解态重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn空间分布特征,并对其引起的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,鄱阳湖溶解态As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的水平均符合国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ类饮用水质标准;鄱阳湖溶解态重金属的空间分布格局为As和Cr在整体上呈现北部大于南部,Cu为北部和南部高,中部低,Pb和Zn均呈现南部大于北部,而Cd的空间分布规律不明显。风险评估结果显示,鄱阳湖As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的风险水平小于国际辐射防护委员会(International Commission on Radiation Protection;ICRP)的推荐值(5×10~(-5)a~(-1)),但是Cr的风险水平(4.74×10~(-5)a~(-1))接近了ICRP推荐值,且由As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn引起的健康总风险达到了5.88×10~(-5)a~(-1),超过了ICRP推荐值。鄱阳湖由Cr和As引起的健康风险之和占总风险比例达到99.72%,是主要的健康污染物,需引起风险决策部门的重视。     

与植物镉吸收转运相关的主要基因家族

镉(cadmium)是一种对植物毒性极强的非必需微量元素,影响植物生长发育,甚至死亡,并可在植物体内积累而威胁食物链顶端生物的生命健康。目前已发现有多类基因家族的成员参与了植物中镉的吸收转运过程,包括P型ATP酶、ABC、MATE、NRAMP、CE、CAX、ZIP、OPT等。这些基因家族主要是在吸收转运铁、锌、镁等植物必需微量元素的同时,也具有吸收转运镉等有毒重金属的功能。     

Requirments for primary human hepatocyte

‘Requirements for Primary Human Hepatocyte’ is the first set of guidelines on Primary Human Hepatocyte in China, jointly drafted and agreed upon by experts from the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research. This standard specifies the technical requirements, test methods, test regulations, instructions for use, labelling requirements, packaging requirements, storage requirements and transportation requirements for Primary Human Hepatocyte, which is applicable to the quality control for Primary Human Hepatocyte. It was originally released by the China Society for Cell Biology on 9 January 2021. We hope that publication of these guidelines will promote institutional establishment, acceptance and execution of proper protocols and accelerate the international standardization of Primary Human Hepatocyte for applications.     

野生稻优异基因分子标记定位与利用研究进展

对野生稻中抗(耐)生物胁迫和非生物胁迫等许多有用的遗传性状,抗病虫、耐非生物胁迫环境、高产和细胞质雄性不育恢复等优异基因的分子标记定位研究进行了综述,评价了野生稻中的这些优异基因的利用现状及其应用前景。     

基于改进遥感生态指数的干旱内流区生态质量评价——以阴山北麓塔布河流域为例

干旱-半干旱地区生态环境脆弱,开展多要素、长时序生态质量动态变化研究,可为干旱-半干旱区生态建设与区域可持续发展提供科学依据。在遥感生态指数RSEI基础上,根据干旱-半干旱地区特点,耦合了绿度（NDVI）、湿度（WET）、热度（LST）、干度（SI）和盐度（SI-T）五个指标,提出适应干旱-半干旱区域生态质量评价的mRSEI模型,对1986-2022年间塔布河流域生态质量进行动态评价。利用Mann-Kendall突变检验、Theil-Sen （T-S）分析联合Mann-Kendall趋势分析法探究生态质量时空变化;引入欧洲中期天气预报中心发布的第五代再分析数据集（ERA5）的气象数据,在逐像元层面探讨了气候因素与mRSEI的相关关系。研究表明：（1）相较于RSEI而言,mRSEI能更好集成各生态分量包含的信息,且模型更加稳定可靠;（2）mRSEI受到的负面影响主要来自于盐度指标（SI-T）,相关系数均值为-0.922,其影响力大于干度、热度指标,表明引入盐度指标对干旱-半干旱区生态质量评价具有重要意义;（3）研究时序内mRSEI介于0.179-0.423,生态质量总体呈下降趋势（Slope=-0.0014, P<0.05）;（4）趋势分析结果表明,塔布河流域84.37%的区域生态质量未发生变化,另外15.63%中,生态质量退化面积占比远高于生态质量变好的区域,研究区生态质量总体呈退化趋势。（5）气候因素与mRSEI相关分析结果表明,降水与mRSEI呈正相关（r=0.411-0.807）,年均气温与mRSEI呈负相关（r=-0.824--0.398）;时序相关分析结果表明,气温是研究区生态质量的主控因子。（6）人文因素虽然会对塔布河流域生态质量产生扰动,但并不起决定作用。基于改进的遥感生态指数mRSEI,能够科学监测干旱-半干旱区生态质量空间分布、准确把握生态质量变化趋势,可为干旱-半干旱地区生态保护提供理论支撑。     

Newly Developed Genomic SSRs Reveal Genetic Diversity in Wild and Cultivated Amorphophallus albus Germplasms

Plant Molecular Biology Reporter - Amorphophallus albus is a crop plant of great economic value in glucomannan production. However, the cultivation industry surrounding this plant is so new that no...