全文获取类型
收费全文 | 30772篇 |
免费 | 2694篇 |
国内免费 | 2572篇 |
专业分类
36038篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 79篇 |
2023年 | 333篇 |
2022年 | 833篇 |
2021年 | 1185篇 |
2020年 | 895篇 |
2019年 | 1134篇 |
2018年 | 1141篇 |
2017年 | 874篇 |
2016年 | 1250篇 |
2015年 | 1917篇 |
2014年 | 2243篇 |
2013年 | 2370篇 |
2012年 | 2870篇 |
2011年 | 2707篇 |
2010年 | 1659篇 |
2009年 | 1600篇 |
2008年 | 1812篇 |
2007年 | 1652篇 |
2006年 | 1464篇 |
2005年 | 1283篇 |
2004年 | 1172篇 |
2003年 | 978篇 |
2002年 | 831篇 |
2001年 | 522篇 |
2000年 | 452篇 |
1999年 | 369篇 |
1998年 | 303篇 |
1997年 | 219篇 |
1996年 | 224篇 |
1995年 | 195篇 |
1994年 | 176篇 |
1993年 | 117篇 |
1992年 | 150篇 |
1991年 | 118篇 |
1990年 | 131篇 |
1989年 | 104篇 |
1988年 | 91篇 |
1987年 | 84篇 |
1986年 | 58篇 |
1985年 | 62篇 |
1984年 | 64篇 |
1983年 | 39篇 |
1982年 | 36篇 |
1981年 | 25篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 19篇 |
1977年 | 16篇 |
1974年 | 16篇 |
1972年 | 16篇 |
1971年 | 14篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
The ultrastructure of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the oesophagus of the monkey resembled that described in the oesophagus of other mammalian species but differed in their paucity and almost lack of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, caveolae and filaments. The plasmalemma of the ICC was in close contact (20- to 30-nm gaps) with that of smooth muscle cells. This may occasionally take the form of a desmosome, but gap junctions have not been observed. Vesiculated axon profiles, containing large granular or agranular vesicles were in close contact (20- to 30-nm gaps) with the plasmalemma of ICC. In a few vesiculated profiles a presynaptic density could be recognized. The intercalation of the ICC between the vesiculated axon profiles and the smooth muscle cells suggest a role in oesophageal motility. Between 3 and 21 days following bilateral vagotomy some ICC showed regressive changes such as increased electron density and shrinkage of the cytoplasm, crowding of the organelles and dissolution of the nuclear chromatin material. Axon profiles in the vicinity of the affected ICC contained glycogen granules suggesting injury. In late stages, the number of ICC and smooth muscle contacts was reduced. The results suggest that the vagus nerves exert a trophic influence on the ICC and that the intercellular relationships between ICC and smooth muscle cells possess a degree of plasticity. It is tentatively suggested that these vagal effects may be mediated via the oesophageal myenteric ganglia. 相似文献
2.
3.
Xiao-Guo Xiang Wei-Tao Jin De-Zhu Li André Schuiteman Wei-Chang Huang Jian-Wu Li Xiao-Hua Jin Zhen-Yu Li 《PloS one》2014,9(1)
Collabieae (Orchidaceae) is a long neglected tribe with confusing tribal and generic delimitation and little-understood phylogenetic relationships. Using plastid matK, psaB, rbcL, and trnH-psbA DNA sequences and morphological evidence, the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Collabieae were assessed as a basis for revising their tribal and generic delimitation. Collabieae (including the previously misplaced mycoheterotrophic Risleya) is supported as monophyletic and nested within a superclade that also includes Epidendreae, Podochileae, Cymbidieae and Vandeae. Risleya is nested in Collabiinae and sister to Chrysoglossum, a relationship which, despite their great vegetative differences, is supported by floral characters. Ania is a distinct genus supported by both morphological and molecular evidence, while redefined Tainia includes Nephelaphyllum and Mischobulbum. Calanthe is paraphyletic and consists four clades; the genera Gastrorchis, Phaius and Cephalantheropsis should be subsumed within Calanthe. Calanthe sect. Ghiesbreghtia is nested within sect. Calanthe, to which the disputed Calanthe delavayi belongs as well. Our results indicate that, in Collabieae, habit evolved from being epiphytic to terrestrial. 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
Jianhua Zhang Mei Liu Hongjian Jin Liandong Deng Jinfeng Xing Anjie Dong 《AAPS PharmSciTech》2010,11(2):894-903
Lactate esters are widely used as food additives, perfume materials, medicine additives, and personal care products. The objective
of this work was to investigate the effect of a series of lactate esters as penetration enhancers on the in vitro skin permeation of four drugs with different physicochemical properties, including ibuprofen, salicylic acid, dexamethasone
and 5-fluorouracil. The saturated donor solutions of the evaluated drugs in propylene glycol were used in order to keep a
constant driving force with maximum thermodynamic activity. The permeability coefficient (K
p), skin concentration of drugs (SC), and lag time (T), as well as the enhancement ratios for K
p and SC were recorded. All results indicated that lactate esters can exert a significant influence on the transdermal delivery
of the model drugs and there is a structure-activity relationship between the tested lactate esters and their enhancement
effects. The results also suggested that the lactate esters with the chain length of fatty alcohol moieties of 10–12 are more
effective enhancers. Furthermore, the enhancement effect of lactate esters increases with a decrease of the drug lipophilicity,
which suggests that they may be more efficient at enhancing the penetration of hydrophilic drugs than lipophilic drugs. The
influence of the concentration of lactate esters was evaluated and the optimal concentration is in the range of 5∼10 wt.%.
In sum, lactate esters as a penetration enhancer for some drugs are of interest for transdermal administration when the safety
of penetration enhancers is a prime consideration. 相似文献
7.
8.
Xiao LiWei Xing Shuping Zhuo Jin ZhouFeng Li Shi-Zhang QiaoGao-Qing Lu 《Bioresource technology》2011,102(2):1118-1123
Series of nanoporous carbons are prepared from sunflower seed shell (SSS) by two different strategies and used as electrode material for electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). The surface area and pore-structure of the nanoporous carbons are characterized intensively using N2 adsorption technique. The results show that the pore-structure of the carbons is closely related to activation temperature and dosage of KOH. Electrochemical measurements show that the carbons made by impregnation-activation process have better capacitive behavior and higher capacitance retention ratio at high drain current than the carbons made by carbonization-activation process, which is due to that there are abundant macroscopic pores and less interior micropore surface in the texture of the former. More importantly, the capacitive performances of these carbons are much better than ordered mesoporous carbons and commercial wood-based active carbon, thus highlighting the success of preparing high performance electrode material for EDLC from SSS. 相似文献
9.
Plasma concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured at rest from cannulated fish and following net capture. Adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in capture-stressed fish averaged 36,740 pmol l-1 and 38,860 pmol l-1 respectively, whereas resting values were less than 200 pmol l-1 for both amines. Erythrocyte swelling and raised blood lactate were evident in stressed fish. In vitro effects of 5 mmol l-1 adrenaline on erythrocyte suspensions suggested that the catecholamine had a direct effect on erythrocyte volume. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the oxygen transport properties of the blood. 相似文献
10.