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1.
C Adlam J M Knights A Mugridge J C Lindon J M Williams J E Beesley 《Journal of general microbiology》1986,132(4):1079-1087
The serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide from two strains of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A7 organisms was purified and characterized by chemical analysis and by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy using one- and two-dimensional methods. The polymer has the repeating unit----3)-beta-2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactopyranose-(1----3)-alpha- 2-acetamido- 2-deoxy-6-O-acetyl-glucopyranose-(1-phosphate----. It was immunogenic (capable of eliciting antibodies) for sheep. Chemical removal of O-acetyl groups destroyed both the ability of the polymer to adhere to sheep erythrocytes at neutral pH and the ability to form immune precipitates with specific antisera. Studies using the protein A-gold technique in the electron microscope showed the polysaccharide to be peripherally localized on the bacterial surface. 相似文献
2.
We have broadly defined the DNA regions regulating esterase6 activity in
several life stages and tissue types of D. melanogaster using P-
element-mediated transformation of constructs that contain the esterase6
coding region and deletions or substitutions in 5' or 3' flanking DNA.
Hemolymph is a conserved ancestral site of EST6 activity in Drosophila and
the primary sequences regulating its activity lie between -171 and -25 bp
relative to the translation initiation site: deletion of these sequences
decrease activity approximately 20-fold. Hemolymph activity is also
modulated by four other DNA regions, three of which lie 5' and one of which
lies 3' of the coding region. Of these, two have positive and two have
negative effects, each of approximately twofold. Esterase6 activity is
present also in two male reproductive tract tissues; the ejaculatory bulb,
which is another ancestral activity site, and the ejaculatory duct, which
is a recently acquired site within the melanogaster species subgroup.
Activities in these tissues are at least in part independently regulated:
activity in the ejaculatory bulb is conferred by sequences between -273 and
-172 bp (threefold decrease when deleted), while activity in the
ejaculatory duct is conferred by more distal sequences between -844 and
-614 bp (fourfold decrease when deleted). The reproductive tract activity
is further modulated by two additional DNA regions, one in 5' DNA (-613 to
-284 bp; threefold decrease when deleted) and the other in 3' DNA (+1860 to
+2731 bp; threefold decrease when deleted) that probably overlaps the
adjacent esteraseP gene. Collating these data with previous studies
suggests that expression of EST6 in the ancestral sites is mainly regulated
by conserved proximal sequences while more variable distal sequences
regulate expression in the acquired ejaculatory duct site.
相似文献
3.
The goal of this study was to synthesize a macromolecular probe of the TXA2 receptor antagonist BM13.505 which is unable to penetrate the platelet membrane for localization and characterization of the TXA2 receptor. The active NHS-ester of BM13.505 was synthesized and purified. It was used for covalent coupling of BM13.505 to bovine serum albumin, a macromolecular carrier. Inhibitory effects of free and macromolecular bound BM13.505 on aggregatory properties of U46619-stimulated platelets were measured and compared to TXA2 generation in platelets, as determined by TXB2 radioimmuno assay. No inhibitory effects of free and macromolecular-bound BM13.505 on ADP- or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation were observed. Equimolar concentrations of free or macromolecular bound BM13.505 inhibited U46619-induced platelet aggregation and TXA2 generation with equal potency. IC50-values for platelet aggregation inhibition by free and macromolecular bound BM13.505 were 64 nM and 96 nM respectively. It appears that the TXA2 receptor ligand binding site is located close to the outer membrane surface of platelets. Interaction of macromolecular bound BM13.505 with the platelet thromboxane receptor does not depend on the availability of the free carboxyl residue in BM13.505. The method for coupling a TXA2 receptor antagonist to a macromolecule will aid in constructing probes for the localization and characterization of the TXA2 receptor. 相似文献
4.
Litman GW; Rast JP; Shamblott MJ; Haire RN; Hulst M; Roess W; Litman RT; Hinds- Frey KR; Zilch A; Amemiya CT 《Molecular biology and evolution》1993,10(1):60-72
Immunoglobulins are encoded by a large multigene system that undergoes
somatic rearrangement and additional genetic change during the development
of immunoglobulin-producing cells. Inducible antibody and antibody-like
responses are found in all vertebrates. However, immunoglobulin possessing
disulfide-bonded heavy and light chains and domain-type organization has
been described only in representatives of the jawed vertebrates. High
degrees of nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence identity are
evident when the segmental elements that constitute the immunoglobulin gene
loci in phylogenetically divergent vertebrates are compared. However, the
organization of gene loci and the manner in which the independent elements
recombine (and diversify) vary markedly among different taxa. One striking
pattern of gene organization is the "cluster type" that appears to be
restricted to the chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) and limits
segmental rearrangement to closely linked elements. This type of gene
organization is associated with both heavy- and light-chain gene loci. In
some cases, the clusters are "joined" or "partially joined" in the germ
line, in effect predetermining or partially predetermining, respectively,
the encoded specificities (the assumption being that these are expressed)
of the individual loci. By relating the sequences of transcribed gene
products to their respective germ-line genes, it is evident that, in some
cases, joined-type genes are expressed. This raises a question about the
existence and/or nature of allelic exclusion in these species. The
extensive variation in gene organization found throughout the vertebrate
species may relate directly to the role of intersegmental
(V<==>D<==>J) distances in the commitment of the individual
antibody-producing cell to a particular genetic specificity. Thus, the
evolution of this locus, perhaps more so than that of others, may reflect
the interrelationships between genetic organization and function.
相似文献
5.
Schistosomiasis vector snails are subjected to extreme seasonal changes, particularly in ephemeral rivers and lentic waterbodies. In the tropics, aestivation is one of the adaptive strategies for survival and is used by snails in times of extremely high temperatures and desiccation. Aestivation therefore plays an important role in maintaining the transmission of schistosomiasis. This review assesses the possible impacts of climate change on the temporal and spatial distribution of schistosomiasis-transmitting snails with special emphasis on aestivation, and discusses the effect of schistosome infection on aestivation ability. The impacts of parasite development on snails, as well as physiological changes, are discussed with reference to schistosomiasis transmission. This review shows that schistosome-infected snails have lower survival rates during aestivation, and that those that survive manage to get rid of the infection. In general, snail aestivation ability is poor and survival chances diminish with time. Longer dry periods result in fewer, as well as uninfected, snails. However, the ability of the surviving snails to repopulate the habitats is high. 相似文献
6.
Attenuation of pattern recognition receptor signaling is mediated by a MAP kinase kinase kinase 下载免费PDF全文
Sharon C Mithoe Christina Ludwig Michiel JC Pel Mara Cucinotta Alberto Casartelli Malick Mbengue Jan Sklenar Paul Derbyshire Silke Robatzek Corné MJ Pieterse Ruedi Aebersold Frank LH Menke 《EMBO reports》2016,17(3):441-454
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a key role in plant and animal innate immunity. PRR binding of their cognate ligand triggers a signaling network and activates an immune response. Activation of PRR signaling must be controlled prior to ligand binding to prevent spurious signaling and immune activation. Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis through FLAGELLIN‐SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2) induces the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and immunity. However, the precise molecular mechanism that connects activated FLS2 to downstream MAPK cascades remains unknown. Here, we report the identification of a differentially phosphorylated MAP kinase kinase kinase that also interacts with FLS2. Using targeted proteomics and functional analysis, we show that MKKK7 negatively regulates flagellin‐triggered signaling and basal immunity and this requires phosphorylation of MKKK7 on specific serine residues. MKKK7 attenuates MPK6 activity and defense gene expression. Moreover, MKKK7 suppresses the reactive oxygen species burst downstream of FLS2, suggesting that MKKK7‐mediated attenuation of FLS2 signaling occurs through direct modulation of the FLS2 complex. 相似文献
7.
Metabolic profiling, metabolomic and metabonomic procedures for NMR spectroscopy of urine, plasma, serum and tissue extracts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Beckonert O Keun HC Ebbels TM Bundy J Holmes E Lindon JC Nicholson JK 《Nature protocols》2007,2(11):2692-2703
Metabolic profiling, metabolomic and metabonomic studies mainly involve the multicomponent analysis of biological fluids, tissue and cell extracts using NMR spectroscopy and/or mass spectrometry (MS). We summarize the main NMR spectroscopic applications in modern metabolic research, and provide detailed protocols for biofluid (urine, serum/plasma) and tissue sample collection and preparation, including the extraction of polar and lipophilic metabolites from tissues. 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques such as standard 1D spectroscopy, relaxation-edited, diffusion-edited and 2D J-resolved pulse sequences are widely used at the analysis stage to monitor different groups of metabolites and are described here. They are often followed by more detailed statistical analysis or additional 2D NMR analysis for biomarker discovery. The standard acquisition time per sample is 4-5 min for a simple 1D spectrum, and both preparation and analysis can be automated to allow application to high-throughput screening for clinical diagnostic and toxicological studies, as well as molecular phenotyping and functional genomics. 相似文献
8.
This minireview is based on a lecture given at the First Maga Circe Conference on metabolomics held at Sabaudia, Italy, in March 2006 in which the analytical and statistical techniques used in metabonomics, efforts at standardization and some of the major applications to pharmaceutical research and development are reviewed. Metabonomics involves the determination of multiple metabolites simultaneously in biofluids, tissues and tissue extracts. Applications to preclinical drug safety studies are illustrated by the Consortium for Metabonomic Toxicology, a collaboration involving several major pharmaceutical companies. This consortium was able, through the measurement of a dataset of NMR spectra of rodent urine and serum samples, to build a predictive expert system for liver and kidney toxicity. A secondary benefit was the elucidation of the endogenous biochemicals responsible for the classification. The use of metabonomics in disease diagnosis and therapy monitoring is discussed with an exemplification from coronary artery disease, and the concept of pharmaco-metabonomics as a way of predicting an individual's response to treatment is exemplified. Finally, some advantages and perceived difficulties of the metabonomics approach are summarized. 相似文献
9.
Proposed minimum reporting standards for chemical analysis 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Lloyd W. Sumner Alexander Amberg Dave Barrett Michael H. Beale Richard Beger Clare A. Daykin Teresa W.-M. Fan Oliver Fiehn Royston Goodacre Julian L. Griffin Thomas Hankemeier Nigel Hardy James Harnly Richard Higashi Joachim Kopka Andrew N. Lane John C. Lindon Philip Marriott Andrew W. Nicholls Michael D. Reily John J. Thaden Mark R. Viant 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2007,3(3):211-221
There is a general consensus that supports the need for standardized reporting of metadata or information describing large-scale
metabolomics and other functional genomics data sets. Reporting of standard metadata provides a biological and empirical context
for the data, facilitates experimental replication, and enables the re-interrogation and comparison of data by others. Accordingly,
the Metabolomics Standards Initiative is building a general consensus concerning the minimum reporting standards for metabolomics
experiments of which the Chemical Analysis Working Group (CAWG) is a member of this community effort. This article proposes
the minimum reporting standards related to the chemical analysis aspects of metabolomics experiments including: sample preparation,
experimental analysis, quality control, metabolite identification, and data pre-processing. These minimum standards currently
focus mostly upon mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy due to the popularity of these techniques
in metabolomics. However, additional input concerning other techniques is welcomed and can be provided via the CAWG on-line
discussion forum at or . Further, community input related to this document can also be provided via this electronic forum.
The contents of this paper do not necessarily reflect any position of the Government or the opinion of the Food and Drug Administration
Sponsor: Metabolomics Society http://www.metabolomicssociety.org/
Reference: http://msi-workgroups.sourceforge.net/bio-metadata/reporting/pbc/
http://msi-workgroups.sourceforge.net/chemical-analysis/
Version: Revision: 5.1
Date: 09 January, 2007 相似文献
10.
Human metabolic phenotypes link directly to specific dietary preferences in healthy individuals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rezzi S Ramadan Z Martin FP Fay LB van Bladeren P Lindon JC Nicholson JK Kochhar S 《Journal of proteome research》2007,6(11):4469-4477
Individual human health is determined by a complex interplay between genes, environment, diet, lifestyle, and symbiotic gut microbial activity. Here, we demonstrate a new "nutrimetabonomic" approach in which spectroscopically generated metabolic phenotypes are correlated with behavioral/psychological dietary preference, namely, "chocolate desiring" or "chocolate indifferent". Urinary and plasma metabolic phenotypes are characterized by differential metabolic biomarkers, measured using 1H NMR spectroscopy, including the postprandial lipoprotein profile and gut microbial co-metabolism. These data suggest that specific dietary preferences can influence basal metabolic state and gut microbiome activity that in turn may have long-term health consequences to the host. Nutrimetabonomics appears as a promising approach for the classification of dietary responses in populations and personalized nutritional management. 相似文献