Genistein-3′-sodium sulfonate Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Stroke Rats by Down-Regulating Microglial M1 Polarization through α7nAChR-NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Microglial M1 depolarization mediated prolonged inflammation contributing to brain injury in ischemic stroke. Our previous study revealed that Genistein-3′-sodium sulfonate (GSS) exerted neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke. This study aimed to explore whether GSS protected against brain injury in ischemic stroke by regulating microglial M1 depolarization and its underlying mechanisms. We established transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (tMCAO) model in rats and used lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells as in vitro model. Our results showed that GSS treatment significantly reduced the brain infarcted volume and improved the neurological function in tMCAO rats. Meanwhile, GSS treatment also dramatically reduced microglia M1 depolarization and IL-1β level, reversed α7nAChR expression, and inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling in the ischemic penumbra brain regions. These effects of GSS were further verified in LPS-induced M1 depolarization of BV2 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment of α7nAChR inhibitor (α-BTX) significantly restrained the neuroprotective effect of GSS treatment in tMCAO rats. α-BTX also blunted the regulating effects of GSS on neuroinflammation, M1 depolarization and NF-κB signaling activation. This study demonstrates that GSS protects against brain injury in ischemic stroke by reducing microglia M1 depolarization to suppress neuroinflammation in peri-infarcted brain regions through upregulating α7nAChR and thereby inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Our findings uncover a potential molecular mechanism for GSS treatment in ischemic stroke.     

Exosomes from human-bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury via transferring miR-199a-3p

Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the main reason for acute kidney injury (AKI) and is closely related to high morbidity and mortality. In this study, we found that exosomes from human-bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC-Exos) play a protective role in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. hBMSC-Exos were enriched in miR-199a-3p, and hBMSC-Exo treatment increased the expression level of miR-199a-3p in renal cells. We further explored the function of miR-199a-3p on H/R injury. miR-199a-3p was knocked down in hBMSCs with a miR-199a-3p inhibitor. HK-2 cells cocultured with miR-199a-3p-knockdown hBMSCs were more susceptible to H/R injury and showed more apoptosis than those cocultured with hBMSCs or miR-199a-3p-overexpressing hBMSCs. Meanwhile, we found that HK-2 cells exposed to H/R treatment incubated with hBMSC-Exos decreased semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) and activated the protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. However, HK-2 cells cocultured with miR-199a-3p-knockdown hBMSCs restored Sema3A expression and blocked the activation of the AKT and ERK pathways. Moreover, knocking down Sema3A could reactivate the AKT and ERK pathways suppressed by a miR-199a-3p inhibitor. In vivo, we injected hBMSC-Exos into mice suffering from I/R injury; this treatment induced functional recovery and histologic protection and reduced cleaved caspase-3 and Sema3A expression levels, as shown by immunohistochemistry. On the whole, this study demonstrated an antiapoptotic effect of hBMSC-Exos, which protected against I/R injury, via delivering miR-199a-3p to renal cells, downregulating Sema3A expression and thereby activating the AKT and ERK pathways. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of AKI treated with hBMSC-Exos and provide a therapeutic method for kidney diseases.     

利用EM和OL处理猪粪的效果研究

The effects of EM and OL on the color,pHvalue,stink and the various kinds of harmful microbes of pig manure were analyzed.The results show that EM and OL could significantly reduce the stink and restrain the number of harmful microbes.At the same time,the rotting process of pig manure was accelerated,and the number of flies around pig manure reduced.     

Genome-wide association study identified genetic variations and candidate genes for plant architecture component traits in Chinese upland cotton

Key message

Thirty significant associations between 22 SNPs and five plant architecture component traits in Chinese upland cotton were identified via GWAS. Four peak SNP loci located on chromosome D03 were simultaneously associated with more plant architecture component traits. A candidate gene, Gh_D03G0922, might be responsible for plant height in upland cotton.

Abstract

A compact plant architecture is increasingly required for mechanized harvesting processes in China. Therefore, cotton plant architecture is an important trait, and its components, such as plant height, fruit branch length and fruit branch angle, affect the suitability of a cultivar for mechanized harvesting. To determine the genetic basis of cotton plant architecture, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a panel composed of 355 accessions and 93,250 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified using the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing method. Thirty significant associations between 22 SNPs and five plant architecture component traits were identified via GWAS. Most importantly, four peak SNP loci located on chromosome D03 were simultaneously associated with more plant architecture component traits, and these SNPs were harbored in one linkage disequilibrium block. Furthermore, 21 candidate genes for plant architecture were predicted in a 0.95-Mb region including the four peak SNPs. One of these genes (Gh_D03G0922) was near the significant SNP D03_31584163 (8.40 kb), and its Arabidopsis homologs contain MADS-box domains that might be involved in plant growth and development. qRT-PCR showed that the expression of Gh_D03G0922 was upregulated in the apical buds and young leaves of the short and compact cotton varieties, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) proved that the silenced plants exhibited increased PH. These results indicate that Gh_D03G0922 is likely the candidate gene for PH in cotton. The genetic variations and candidate genes identified in this study lay a foundation for cultivating moderately short and compact varieties in future Chinese cotton-breeding programs.

     

广东永汉传统农村的聚落生态观

生态观作为人类对人与自然关系以及人类生态系统的基本看法,是一种综合了聚落生态、社会、文化、空间等多重属性的研究视角。采用田野调查法,走访了永汉300余个传统农村聚落中的98个,获得由68个聚落个体组成的样本。"后龙山林地+建筑群+地堂+鱼塘+耕地"为这些聚落的基本构成模式。其生态观主要由社会、经济、文化三类因素构成,三者共同影响了聚落选址、规模和结构。社会因素主要包括同一聚落內部以及不同聚落之间的社会关系;经济因素主要包括饮食和居住的生存需求;文化因素的主要内容是风水。改革开放以来聚落发生演替,原因是生态观中经济因素地位大大提高,风水的影响降低,社会结构发生重大改变。演替过程中出现土地浪费等一系列问题,必须发展一种基于传统农村聚落保护及再生的新的生态观及可持续发展模式以修正演替过程中出现的问题。     

城市发展指数和生态足迹在直辖市可持续发展评估中的应用

综合应用城市发展指数(CDI)和生态足迹(EF)指标,分析各直辖市1978—2012年的可持续发展情况,衡量发展方式由资源消耗型向环境友好型转变的程度。研究表明:各直辖市的CDI不断增长,至2012年均达到80左右,基本处于同一层次水平,城市经济社会发展状况总体良好。EF的动态变化呈现阶段性发展的特点,各直辖市间也存在显著差异,除上海市,其他3个直辖市的EF呈现增长态势,至2012年,北京EF最高(2.60 hm2/人),重庆最低(1.79 hm~2/人),是唯一一个低于全国平均EF的直辖市。综合分析CDI和EF,在相似的社会经济发展水平下,重庆市的资源消耗较低,可持续发展潜力较大;天津市一直处于资源消耗型发展中,亟待转型;近十年来,上海和北京的城市建设模式出现了一定转变,由以消耗环境资源为代价的发展模式转变为环境友好型的发展模式。     

黑龙江五大连池的生态价值分析

黑龙江五大连池处于大小兴安岭和松嫩平原的交错地带,在过去210万年间经历了7次大规模的火山喷发,是中国保存最为完好的内陆火山遗迹,2010年被我国政府遴选为世界自然遗产提名地.为了科学、准确地阐述五大连池生态方面的突出普遍价值,本文在<实施世界遗产公约操作指南>的框架下,整合野外调查数据和文献资料,在与其他相关世界遗产地充分比较的基础上,较为全面地分析了五大连池的生态价值.五大连池植物地理特征交错,区系来源广泛;物种组成相对丰富;发育在熔岩台地上的矮曲林反映了植物的特殊适应过程:特有成因形成了陆生和水生两个完整的植被演替序列;陆生植被演替同时存在普通演替和斑块动态演替两种模式,在熔岩地貌上斑块动态演替模式更为随机而高效.上述生态特征充分展示了五大连池正在进行的生物生态过程,体现了五大连池独特的生态价值,为后续有效保护和深入科学研究提供了支撑.     

基于生态系统服务供求评价的空间分异特征与生态格局划分——以长三角城市群为例

生态系统服务供给与需求能力存在显著的空间异质性与空间失衡,对区域经济发展与环境保护产生巨大影响。以长三角城市群区县为研究单元,分别核算其生态系统服务供给与需求值,引入梯度分析,分析生态系统服务供给与需求的空间特征,并基于供求分析提出长三角城市群生态格局分区方案,且针对性地提出相应片区的发展策略,为长三角城市群土地利用规划、区域协调发展提供科学依据。研究结果表明:(1)长三角城市群生态系统服务供给能力与土地利用类型密切相关,呈现从北到南逐渐升高趋势;(2)长三角城市群生态系统服务需求能力与社会经济发展联系紧密,在长江入海口附近形成生态系统服务需求高值区,然后向外围递减;(3)沪宁杭庐发展梯度带上,生态系统服务供需大致呈现负相关趋势;(4)基于生态系统服务供需关系构建,得到长三角城市群生态格局四大分区:生态保育区(高供给-高需求),生态修复区(低供给-高需求),生态重塑区(低供给-低需求),生态开发区(高供给-低需求)。     

城市绿地对居民身心福祉的影响

城市绿地是人工与自然耦合的城市景观之一,是改善居民居住环境重要组成部分,更是提高居民身心健康的有效途径。以杭州主城区为研究对象,通过GIS技术对城市绿地遥感图像进行解译得到杭州主城区绿地空间布局图,同时,以人口密度为阻力要素,基于交通路网的500m网络距离可达范围内绿地数量和面积作为分类标准。通过对45个高、中、低不同档次的居民区进行问卷调查得到665份居民感知数据并进行统计整理。利用结构方程模型进行以绿地数量及游玩时间为标准的组间分析,区别不同组别的差异及其原因,分析城市绿地数量、面积,居民认知、动机,绿地吸引力等与居民身心健康福祉及满意度之间的关系。结果显示:城市绿地数量、居民游玩绿地次数时间等与居民福祉有显著的正向关系;居民对绿地作用的认知、去往绿地的动机进一步影响居民身心健康福祉;城市绿地的自身引力会激发居民去往绿地的积极性,从而增加去往绿地频次。另外,不同社会属性的个体对绿地需求不同,所产生的福祉效应及满意度也会有所差异。从增加居民区周围的街头绿地及邻里公园数量、提升绿地吸引力、提升居民对城市绿地作用的认知3个方面对城市绿地今后的发展规划提出建议。