抗虫和感虫大豆混播对产量及害虫种群发生和昆虫群落多样性影响

[目的]利用大豆高抗虫和高感虫品种混播,明确有效控害保产的最优比例,以实现大豆生产中有效的害虫生态防控和提高大豆产量.[方法]本研究选取高抗(Lamar;R)和与高感(JLNMH;S)斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura的大豆品种,进行不同比例的种子混播种植(即R、S单作,90％R和10％S(9R1S)、80％R和20％S(8R2S)、70％R和30％S(7R3S)、50％R和50％S(5R5S)混播),探究对大豆产量和主要害虫种群发生及昆虫群落多样性的影响.[结果]不同比例混播处理间斜纹夜蛾和筛豆龟蝽Megacopta cribraria的百株虫量无显著差异,但均显著低于S单作.混播处理8R2S和9R 1S以及R单作下昆虫群落多样性指数(H)和均匀度指数(E)显著高于其他试验处理,而优势度指数(C)显著低于其他试验处理.此外,昆虫群落丰富度指数(D)随着高感虫大豆混播比例的增加而降低;其中,混播处理8R2S和9R1S,以及R单作都显著高于S单作.对于大豆产量,混播处理显著影响大豆百株籽粒重,但对千粒重的影响不明显.其中,R单作和9R1S混播方式下大豆百株籽粒重最高,且有随着高抗虫品种(R)混播比例的增加而提高的趋势.[结论]高抗虫和高感虫品种混播可有效降低大豆主要害虫发生,且R混播比例≥80％能有效提高昆虫群落多样性、均匀度和丰富度,并对大豆产量提高有利.大豆生产中,建议采用80％以上的高抗虫品种与高感虫品种混播以实现大豆控害保产的生态防控效果.     

入侵害虫菊方翅网蝽在中国的潜在分布预测

菊方翅网蝽Corythucha marmorata(Uhler,1878)是我国新近发现的外来入侵害虫,研究明确菊方翅网蝽在我国的潜在分布范围对其监测预警及科学防控具有重要意义。本研究根据菊方翅网蝽的地理分布数据及相关环境变量,运用Maxent生态位模型与ArcGIS预测了菊方翅网蝽在中国的潜在地理分布范围。预测结果表明:菊方翅网蝽在我国的适生区主要分布于100°～125°E,20°～40°N的亚热带、暖温带区域,其中高适生区主要集中在长江中下游地区,包括浙江、江苏、湖南、上海大部分地区、安徽南部、湖北南部、江西西部及南部、贵州东部、福建东部、广西北部、山东中部、河南南部以及重庆、台湾局部;此外,极端气温、平均气温、最干月份降雨量对菊方翅网蝽的潜在分布影响较大。菊方翅网蝽已在我国成功入侵并迅速蔓延成灾,应在疫区边缘地带加强监测,并采取措施防止其进一步扩散。     

中国蚜属分亚属的研究及一新亚属和一新纪录亚属(同翅目:蚜科)

经研究认为蚜属Aphis Linnaeus应分为8个亚属,即增加一新亚属：点蚜新亚属Aphis(Maculaphis)subgen.nov,模式种：Aphis Icigocola(Shinji,1924),新亚属重要的鉴别特征是腹部背板I－V至少中毛具有明显骨化的毛基斑,体背毛长且粗,给出分亚属检索素,并记述中国1新纪录亚属弓蚜亚属Aphis(Poxopterina)Boerner及中国1新纪录蒿弓蚜Aphis(Toxopterina)vandergooti(Boerner,1939).     

蚜属轭蚜亚属的研究及一新种记述(同翅目:蚜科)

本文记述世界范围蚜属的轭蚜亚属１１种,其中包括１新种,地肤轭蚜Ａｐｈｉｓ （Ｚｙｘａｐｈｉｓ）ｋｏｃｈｉａｅ Ｚｈａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｚｈａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。给出分种检索表。该亚属为中国新纪录。模式标本存放在中国科学院动物研究所标本馆。地肤ｐｈｉｓ（Ｚｙｘａｐｈｉｓ）ｋｏｃｈｉａｅ Ｚｈａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｚｈａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,（图１～６）正模,无翅孤雌,Ｎｏ．Ｙ７７０１－２－其余同正模。中与Ａ．（     

巴西蘑菇对木质纤维素的降解与转化*

巴西蘑菇能够降解棉籽壳和麦草两种培养基中木质纤维素复合体中的全部组分,属于白腐真菌;巴西蘑菇降解的有机物质的绝大部分被菌体的呼吸过程消耗掉,其绝对生物学效率较低,仅为4.41%~5.25%;在栽培前期木质素的降解速率大于纤维素和半纤维素,这对纤维素和半纤维素的降解十分有利;非木质纤维素组分主要在菌丝生长阶段被利用,而木质纤维素是子实体生长发育阶段的主要碳源;就整个栽培过程而言,巴西蘑菇生长发育所需要的82.39%~84.50%的碳源来自木质纤维素。     

Sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification of nitric oxide for efficient nitrous oxide recovery

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) was previously deemed as a potent greenhouse gas but is actually an untapped energy source, which can accumulate during the microbial denitrification of nitric oxide (NO). Compared with the organic electron donor required in heterotrophic denitrification, elemental sulfur (S⁰) is a promising electron donor alternative due to its cheap cost and low biomass yield in sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification. However, no effort has been made to test N₂O recovery from sulfur-driven denitrification of NO so far. Therefore, in this study, batch and continuous experiments were carried out to investigate the NO removal performance and N₂O recovery potential via sulfur-driven NO-based denitrification under various Fe(II)EDTA-NO concentrations. Efficient energy recovery was achieved, as up to 35.5%–40.9% of NO was converted to N₂O under various NO concentrations. N₂O recovery from Fe(II)EDTA-NO could be enhanced by the low bioavailability of sulfur and the acid environment caused by sulfur oxidation. The NO reductase (NOR) and N₂O reductase (N₂OR) were inhibited distinctively at relatively low NO levels, leading to efficient N₂O accumulation, but were suppressed irreversibly at NO level beyond 15 mM in continuous experiments. Such results indicated that the regulation of NO at a relatively low level would benefit the system stability and NO removal capacity during long-term system operation. The continuous operation of the sulfur-driven Fe(II)EDTA-NO-based denitrification reduced the overall microbial diversity but enriched several key microbial community. Thauera, Thermomonas, and Arenimonas that are able to carry out sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification became the dominant organisms with their relative abundance increased from 25.8% to 68.3%, collectively.     

Dynamic Endothelial Cell Rearrangements Drive Developmental Vessel Regression

Patterning of functional blood vessel networks is achieved by pruning of superfluous connections. The cellular and molecular principles of vessel regression are poorly understood. Here we show that regression is mediated by dynamic and polarized migration of endothelial cells, representing anastomosis in reverse. Establishing and analyzing the first axial polarity map of all endothelial cells in a remodeling vascular network, we propose that balanced movement of cells maintains the primitive plexus under low shear conditions in a metastable dynamic state. We predict that flow-induced polarized migration of endothelial cells breaks symmetry and leads to stabilization of high flow/shear segments and regression of adjacent low flow/shear segments.