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Jennifer D. Russell Sahra Svensson-Hoglund Jessika Luth Richter Carl Dalhammar Leonidas Milios 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2023,27(3):845-855
Research into repair within the circular economy (CE) typically focuses on technical aspects of design, policy, and markets, and often assumes simplified conditions for the user/owner and the product system to explain the barriers to scaling repair activities. However, factors occurring at pre-use stages of the product's life cycle can significantly influence whether, and to what extent, repair is viable or possible, that is, warranty duration, after-sale service provision, and access to necessities. The passing of time can directly and indirectly affect the ability, difficulty, and thus, the likelihood of repair activities being performed at each stage of the product's life cycle. Drawing from the literature and applying inductive systems-thinking tools, we propose a framework for considering the “System of Repairability.” We delineate how the passing of time (temporal dimensions) affects one's ‘‘ability to repair,’’ as a product progresses through different life cycle phases (i.e., breakdown vs. repair vs. disposal), and the point(s) at which the repair is considered or attempted (i.e., year of usage). By integrating life cycle and temporal (time-based) dimensions into a broad System of Repairability framework, we clarify relevant interconnections, iterations, sequences, and timing of decision points, stakeholders, and necessary conditions to facilitate an outcome of successful repair at the individual level, and thus intervention strategies for scaling repair within CE. We discuss how a policy mix can address the life cycle of products and the repair system more holistically. We conclude with a future outlook on how temporal dimensions can inform policy strategies and future research. 相似文献
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Sam Hoot Andrew T. McGuire Kristen W. Cohen Roland K. Strong Lars Hangartner Florian Klein Ron Diskin Johannes F. Scheid D. Noah Sather Dennis R. Burton Leonidas Stamatatos 《PLoS pathogens》2013,9(1)
Vaccine candidates for HIV-1 so far have not been able to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) although they express the epitopes recognized by bNAbs to the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env). To understand whether and how Env immunogens interact with the predicted germline versions of known bNAbs, we screened a large panel (N:56) of recombinant Envs (from clades A, B and C) for binding to the germline predecessors of the broadly neutralizing anti-CD4 binding site antibodies b12, NIH45-46 and 3BNC60. Although the mature antibodies reacted with diverse Envs, the corresponding germline antibodies did not display Env-reactivity. Experiments conducted with engineered chimeric antibodies combining the mature and germline heavy and light chains, respectively and vice-versa, revealed that both antibody chains are important for the known cross-reactivity of these antibodies. Our results also indicate that in order for b12 to display its broad cross-reactivity, multiple somatic mutations within its VH region are required. A consequence of the failure of the germline b12 to bind recombinant soluble Env is that Env-induced B-cell activation through the germline b12 BCR does not take place. Our study provides a new explanation for the difficulties in eliciting bNAbs with recombinant soluble Env immunogens. Our study also highlights the need for intense efforts to identify rare naturally occurring or engineered Envs that may engage the germline BCR versions of bNAbs. 相似文献
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Vilizzi Lorenzo Copp Gordon H. Adamovich Boris Almeida David Chan Joleen Davison Phil I. Dembski Samuel Ekmekçi F. Güler Ferincz Árpád Forneck Sandra C. Hill Jeffrey E. Kim Jeong-Eun Koutsikos Nicholas Leuven Rob S. E. W. Luna Sergio A. Magalhães Filomena Marr Sean M. Mendoza Roberto Mourão Carlos F. Neal J. Wesley Onikura Norio Perdikaris Costas Piria Marina Poulet Nicolas Puntila Riikka Range Inês L. Simonović Predrag Ribeiro Filipe Tarkan Ali Serhan Troca Débora F. A. Vardakas Leonidas Verreycken Hugo Vintsek Lizaveta Weyl Olaf L. F. Yeo Darren C. J. Zeng Yiwen 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2019,29(3):529-568
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries - The freshwater Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) has been applied in 35 risk assessment areas in 45 countries across the six inhabited continents (11... 相似文献
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Leonidas DD Boix E Prill R Suzuki M Turton R Minson K Swaminathan GJ Youle RJ Acharya KR 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2001,276(18):15009-15017
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), a basic ribonuclease found in the large specific granules of eosinophils, belongs to the pancreatic RNase A family. Although its physiological function is still unclear, it has been shown that EDN is a neurotoxin capable of inducing the Gordon phenomenon in rabbits. EDN is also a potent helminthotoxin and can mediate antiviral activity of eosinophils against isolated virions of the respiratory syncytial virus. EDN is a catalytically efficient RNase sharing similar substrate specificity with pancreatic RNase A with its ribonucleolytic activity being absolutely essential for its neurotoxic, helminthotoxic, and antiviral activities. The crystal structure of recombinant human EDN in the unliganded form has been determined previously (Mosimann, S. C., Newton, D. L., Youle, R. J., and James, M. N. G. (1996) J. Mol. Biol. 260, 540-552). We have now determined high resolution (1.8 A) crystal structures for EDN in complex with adenosine-3',5'-diphosphate (3',5'-ADP), adenosine-2',5'-di-phosphate (2',5'-ADP), adenosine-5'-diphosphate (5'-ADP) as well as for a native structure in the presence of sulfate refined at 1.6 A. The inhibition constant of these mononucleotides for EDN has been determined. The structures present the first detailed picture of differences between EDN and RNase A in substrate recognition at the ribonucleolytic active site. They also provide a starting point for the design of tight-binding inhibitors, which may be used to restrain the RNase activity of EDN. 相似文献
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Leonidas Kiriasis Silke Farkas Wolfgang Pfleiderer 《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2013,32(5):517-527
Abstract Various 04-alkylthymidines 14–20 have been synthesized by two different methods. 04-Alkylation takes place with 3′,5′-di-0-acetyl- (2) and 3′,5′-di-0-benzoylthymidine (3) respectively in a silver ion catalysed reaction with alkyl halides, whereas the azolide approach makes use of a nucleophilic displacement of the appropriate intermediate by alkoxides and subsequent deacylation to the free nucleosides. Structural proofs are based on elemental analyses, UV- and 1H-NMR-spectra. 相似文献
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