Direct Comparisons of 2D and 3D Dental Microwear Proxies in Extant Herbivorous and Carnivorous Mammals

The analysis of dental microwear is commonly used by paleontologists and anthropologists to clarify the diets of extinct species, including herbivorous and carnivorous mammals. Currently, there are numerous methods employed to quantify dental microwear, varying in the types of microscopes used, magnifications, and the characterization of wear in both two dimensions and three dimensions. Results from dental microwear studies utilizing different methods are not directly comparable and human quantification of wear features (e.g., pits and scratches) introduces interobserver error, with higher error being produced by less experienced individuals. Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), which analyzes microwear features in three dimensions, alleviates some of the problems surrounding two-dimensional microwear methods by reducing observer bias. Here, we assess the accuracy and comparability within and between 2D and 3D dental microwear analyses in herbivorous and carnivorous mammals at the same magnification. Specifically, we compare observer-generated 2D microwear data from photosimulations of the identical scanned areas of DMTA in extant African bovids and carnivorans using a scanning white light confocal microscope at 100x magnification. Using this magnification, dental microwear features quantified in 2D were able to separate grazing and frugivorous bovids using scratch frequency; however, DMTA variables were better able to discriminate between disparate dietary niches in both carnivorous and herbivorous mammals. Further, results demonstrate significant interobserver differences in 2D microwear data, with the microwear index remaining the least variable between experienced observers, consistent with prior research. Overall, our results highlight the importance of reducing observer error and analyzing dental microwear in three dimensions in order to consistently interpret diets accurately.     

Inhibition of leukocyte adhesion by the in vivo and in vitro administration of cannabinoids

Cannabinoids have been shown to affect various aspects of arachidonic acid metabolism both in vivo and in vitro. Eicosanoid metabolites of arachidonate and related octadecanoate are believed to be involved in cell adhesion processes as agonists in some instances and as antagonists in other cases. This report shows data in which cannabinoids exhibit marked inhibitory effects on the adhesion of mouse peritoneal cells to polystyrene culture dishes. The effects could be seen by in vivo administration of the drugs as well as by direct exposure of the cells in vitro. The data suggest that this inhibition of adhesion is mediated by one or more products generated by stimulation of a lipoxygenase pathway.     

The ras-like protein p25rab3A is partially cytosolic and is expressed only in neural tissue.

An antipeptide antiserum has been developed against a sequence near the C terminus of the small guanine nucleotide-binding protein p25rab3A. This protein is the product of one of a large number of genes that show homology to the ras proto-oncogenes. Immunoblotting with the antiserum specifically detected a 25-kilodalton protein in brain membranes. This protein coeluted from a MonoQ high-resolution ion-exchange column with a 25-kilodalton GTP-binding protein at a salt concentration similar to that known to elute purified p25rab3A. Unlike p21ras, which is exclusively membrane bound, p25rab3A is present in both the cytosol and membrane fractions of rat brain. It was not detected in other tissues, although a band of slightly lower molecular weight was observed with skeletal muscle. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of five regions of the rat brain indicated that p25rab3A is most abundant in the hypothalamus and hippocampus.     

Analysis of megakaryocyte ploidy in patients with thrombocytosis

The DNA content of bone marrow megakaryocytes was analyzed in 24 patients with myeloproliferative disorders, 23 patients with secondary thrombocytosis and 15 normal volunteers using 2-color flow cytometry. Compared with normal controls, the majority of patients with secondary thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis exhibited a relative increase in higher ploidy (greater than 16N) cells. In contrast, patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia exhibited an increase in lower ploidy cells (less than 16N), with a modal DNA content of 8N. Patients with myeloproliferative disorders tended to show a decrease in the 16N megakaryocyte population compared with patients with secondary thrombocytosis. No correlation between ploidy distribution and platelet count was observed.     

Structure of the sugar-phosphate moiety of lipid A from lipooligosaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis group B,strain BC5S No. 125

On the basis of chemical and NMR data the partial structure of lipid A from lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of Neisseria meningitidis group B, strain BC₅S No 125 was established. Lipid A consisted of disaccharide 2-deoxy-6-O-[2-deoxy-2-(3-hydroxytetradecanoylamino)--gluco-pyranosyl]-2-(3-hydroxytetradecanoylamino)--glucopyranose carrying the -(2-aminoethyl)pyrophosphate residue at 0–4 and the pyrophosphate or phosphate residue at 0–1. On hydrolysis of the acidic form of LOS with 1% acetic acid the substituent at 0–1 was practically completely removed whereas that at 0–4 was stable. The analogous hydrolysis of the Mg-salt of LOS was accompanied by splitting off the pyrophosphate linkage in the substituent at 0–4. Hydrolysis of LOS at pH 4.5 in the presence of SDS led mainly to a lipid A preparation retaining both pyrophosphate residues.Abbreviations KDO 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid - LA-I, LA-II preparations of lipid A - LOS lipooligosaccharide - LOS-H⁺ the acidic form of LOS - OS oligosaccharide - TLC thin-layer chromatography - GLC-MS gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry     

Assembly and processing of avian retroviral gag polyproteins containing linked protease dimers.

Assembly and maturation of retroviral particles requires the aggregation and controlled proteolytic cleavage of polyprotein core precursors by a precursor-encoded protease (PR). Active, mature retroviral PR is a dimer, and the accumulation of precursors at sites of assembly may facilitate subunit interaction and subsequent activation of this enzyme. In addition, it has been suggested that cellular cytoplasmic components act as inhibitors of PR activity, so that processing is delayed until the nascent virions leave this compartment and separate from the surface of host cells. To investigate the mechanisms that control PR activity during virus assembly, we studied the in vivo processing of retroviral gag precursors that contain tandemly linked PR subunits in which dimerization is concentration independent. Sequences encoding four different linked protease dimers were independently joined to the end of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) gag gene in a simian virus 40-based plasmid vector which expresses a myristoylated gag precursor upon transfection of COS-1 cells. Three of these plasmids produced gag precursors that were incorporated into viruslike particles and proteolytically cleaved by the dimers to mature core proteins that were indistinguishable from the processed products of wild-type gag. The amount of viral gag protein that was assembled and packaged in these transfections was inversely related to the relative proteolytic activities of the linked PR dimers. The fourth gag precursor, which contained the most active linked PR dimer, underwent rapid intracellular processing and did not form viruslike particles. In the absence of the plasma membrane targeting signal, processing of all four linked PR dimer-containing gag precursors was completed entirely within the cell. From these results, we conclude that the delay in polyprotein core precursor processing that occurs during normal virion assembly does not depend on a cytoplasmic inhibitor of PR activity. We suggest that dimer formation is not only necessary but may be sufficient for the initiation of PR-directed maturation of gag and gag-pol precursors.     

Translocation of cytosolic acetylcholine into synaptic vesicles and demonstration of vesicular release

The rate of translocation of newly synthesized acetylcholine (ACh) from the presynaptic cytosol of Torpedo electric organ nerve terminals into synaptic vesicles and the extent to which ACh release from these neurons is mediated by a vesicular mechanism were investigated. For this purpose the compound 2(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol (AH5183), which inhibits the active transport of ACh into isolated cholinergic synaptic vesicles, was employed. Preincubation of purified Torpedo nerve terminals (synaptosomes) with AH5183 does not affect the intraterminal synthesis of [3H]ACh but results in a marked inhibition (85%) of its Ca2+-dependent K+-evoked release. By contrast, the evoked release of the endogenous nonlabeled ACh is not affected by this compound. When AH5183 is added during radiolabeling, it causes a progressively smaller inhibition of [3H]ACh release which is completely abolished if the drug is added after the preparation has been labeled. These findings suggest that most of the newly synthesized synaptosomal [3H]ACh (85%) is released by a vesicular mechanism and that some [3H]ACh (15%) may be released by a different process. The translocation of cytosolic [3H]ACh into the synaptic vesicles was monitored by determining the time course of the loss of susceptibility of [3H]ACh release to AH5183. It was found not to be coupled kinetically to [3H]ACh synthesis and to lag behind it. The nature of the intraterminal processes underlying this lag is discussed.     

Activated N-ras gene induces neuronal differentiation of PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells

Activated mouse N-ras gene transfected into PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells suppressed proliferation and promoted neuronal differentiation. Normal mouse N-ras in a LTR-containing vector caused differentiation with a reduced efficiency, but normal N-ras in a vector lacking LTR sequences failed to alter the PC12 phenotype. Cultures of NGF-resistant PC12 variant subline U7 also showed outgrowth of neurites and cessation of cell division following transfection with the mutated ras gene. The present findings suggest that ras genes can, in certain cells, play a role in promoting differentiation and suppressing proliferation, in contrast to their established oncogenic neoplasia-promoting activity in other cells.     

The oral assimilation of radiomanganese by the mouse

The metabolism of orally administered radiomanganese was studied in mice. Assimilation of absorbed manganese (Mn) was determined using whole body counting techniques. When⁵⁴MnCl₂ was administered, 2.7% of the dose was retained after 10 d compared with 1.2% from the⁵⁴Mn-nitrilotriacetate (NTA) complex. However, this difference was accounted for by the rapid and persistent adsorption of the Mn onto the teeth of the lower jaw when fed as the ionic salt at pH 2.0 compared with the NTA-chelate fed at pH 9.0. Once corrected for the amount adsorbed onto the teeth, the biodistribution and relative specific activity of the assimilated radiomanganese into a variety of tissues were similar for both forms of the metal.     

Partial amino acid sequence of porcine elastase II. Active site and the activation peptide regions

The partial amino acid sequence of porcine elastase II, isolated from crude trypsin Type II, was determined. The enzyme consists of two polypeptide chains, a light chain composed of 11 residues, and a heavy chain (Mr = 23 500) with four intrachain disulfide bridges; the two chains are held together by one interchain disulfide bond. Elastase II was fragmented into several peptides by chemical cleavages with CNBr at the two methionine residues, 99 and 180 (chymotrypsinogen numbering), and with hydroxylamine at the peptide bond following DIP-Ser195. About 50% of the sequence was determined and the positions of 120 amino acids were located, including the light chain residues and most of the active site residues. The partial sequence shows 64% difference between porcine elastase II and elastase I and only 26% difference between porcine elastase II and bovine chymotrypsin B.